Cognitive apprenticeship . . .

INDIVIDUAL
|

 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               

HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      

SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 

|

GROUP

"The learner builds an internal representation of knowledge or personal interpretation of experience. This representation is open to change as its structure and interconnections form the foundation upon which other knowledge structures can be scaffolded. Successive modes of representation are developed as a person's expertise increases, and the building block for this development is the accumulation of individual cases (Boshuizen, 2013).  . . . The constructivist theory of learning does not accept the premise that different types of learning can be identified independent of the context and content of learning. . . . Cognitive apprenticeship, which reflects the collaboration between real-world problem solving and using appropriate strategies in problem-solving situations, is the key to construvist learn (Brown, Collins and Duguid, 1989; Resnick, 1987)." p.96.

'Cumulative experience' TI:ME

"Conceptual growth comes from sharing multiple perspectives and simultaneously changing our internal representations in response to those perspectives as well as through cumulative experience." p.96.

Practice hours requirement

Zwozdiak-Myers, Paula. (2012). The Teacher's Reflective Practice Handbook: Becoming an Extended Professional through Capturing Evidence-Informed Practice. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 

https://www.routledge.com/The-Teachers-Reflective-Practice-Handbook-Becoming-an-Extended-Professional/Zwozdiak-Myers/p/book/9780415597586

More pennies - drop ... A personal note

*

Quite a while back on twitter, someone took exception as I replied to a tweet. The specifics aren't important, what is, is how much I take for granted here. 

The suggestion was that h2cm is, gives credence to, accentuates ... the 'general' at the expense of the specific, specialist, advanced. This [Hodges' model] is BAD.

As regards Hodges' model this is plain false, wrong.

Are specialists, advanced practitioners 'born' fully formed?

As I have always tried to remember my days as a Nursing Assistant, we must remember students and across disciplines.

Some comments, by new students on placement also on twitter suggest this is sadly, not the case.

I think I replied again in the thread, highlighting h2cm's open, situated, context driven potential.

In reality people on twitter are patient; I'm muted; the cliques, click away; whatever. As I churn out the same images and phrases.

What I need to do [yes, I know!], and will from now on, is qualify 'generic conceptual framework' (which on a Saturday night [UK] is probably a turn-off for many 😘).

As your knowledge grows, and is pruned by new learning, experience (and time) so your conceptual knowledge and vocabulary changes - expertise.

Hodges' model can reflect this.

So, if you are a specialist - and new here - WELCOME! 

Here are four pools, choose yours and by all means: DIVE IN.

Don't worry. IT IS SAFE.

At least, you won't hit the bottom, and you may not even find the sides. 😉

If your field is theology, the spiritual - well, well, you are in for a real treat.

*I love this journey^

^to follow ...

 

No Body... No Mind...

Hodges' model: an open conceptual space for the naive beginner and expert alike...

individual

|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic --------------------------------------- mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

|

group

NO BODY...!?	NO MIND...!?

"I also find it helpful to be both expert and naive. Following Shunryu Suzuki’s saying, “in the beginner’s mind there are many possibilities; in the expert’s mind there are few,” I find it helpful to approach each client with an attitude of “we don’t really know anything about this, let’s explore it together.” On the other hand, clients expect (and have a right to expect) some level of expertise and the fact as clinicians is we do have a body of knowledge which is valuable. By being both “expert and naive,” simultaneously teacher and student, we can model a kind of being-with-a-problem, which is most paradoxical but most essential: I (and you) are both healthy and ill, distressed and just fine." p.23.

Rosenbaum, R., & Shahar, Golan. (2012). Thoughts on Mrs. T: No Body, No Mind. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 22(1), 19-26.

Critical Thinking - Gaining knowledge: Beginners + Experts = audience?

Clearing through books last month with several bound for the charity shops I came across Critical Thinking in Nursing: An Interactive Approach, by Rubenfeld & Sheffer, with the following table (p.30):

	BEGINNERS	EXPERTS
Ways of:
Gaining Knowledge	Assigned readings and asking authorities	Multiple written and verbal sources, and experience
Thinking	Dualistic	Relativistic
Using rules	Context free	Situation dependent
Looking at situations	Narrow	Broad

The table is not remarkable in its theme, but it is a useful prompt for Hodges' model and future studies. The concepts listed might help illustrate how Hodges' model can support learning. In addition to having an individual focus the model can consider any situation, hence the claim that the model is 'situated'. As stated previously person centeredness is not a given. It does not follow, nor is it achieved just because 'person centered' features several times in care philosophies and policies. The person must be put at the center of the model and then each of the domains considered together with the spiritual dimensions.

I'm also reading a nursing informatics book (posts and review to follow) that discusses casuistic ethics, that is case-based reasoning. While the utility of casuistry is debated in nursing, the need to consider the individual is always paramount. A prime example of the focus on the individual is the programme Inside the Ethics Committee on BBC Radio 4. Central to ethics are the frequent dilemmas that arise in health and social care, the difficult moral choices and dichotomies that must be faced. The model can be used in a context free way, that is considering rules in general; and also employed in specific contexts, such as a best interest meeting for a person recently moved into a residential care facility and distressed by the experience.

There are many dichotomies that can be identified in the basic model, and to a certain extent they reflect the dualistic thinking of the beginner as they build an understanding of particular fields of health care. As learners progress they integrate the concepts they encounter and are then able to associate these and relate them to prior learning, the current case and generate hypotheses that may also be predictive. Hodges’ model can frame and help represent student encounters be they narrow or broadening (recognising patterns). Gaining knowledge may need particular attention by the student (mentor and lecturer) in terms of the student's strategies for creating and protecting opportunities as a beginner and competent practitioner.

As a sign-off mentor I’ve become acutely aware – as required - of a learner’s level of skills and knowledge. What is their level of competence? What is their level of situational awareness? How are they progressing through their learning according to previous mentors and their own goals, learning objectives and evaluation? The concept of emotional intelligence is not new and still has the attention of researchers. Perhaps this could also inform questions for research into Hodges’ model as students elaborate their initial representations of nursing care, skills and knowledge through their course and ongoing as experts. Is emotional intelligence central to compassion in nursing? Encompassing all of these ‘ways’ in the table is reflection. This is not just for reflective practice but an ability to critique one's own practice and that of others.

The table is also helpful at this time considering future content and content types and the potential audience of a new website. The challenge is to emulate the table above in the way it reduces, simplifies very complex educational matters. Yesterday afternoon I was able to attend a very helpful two hour research clinic in Lancaster, following this I must (still) reduce the above questions and also recognise my own biases.

Rubenfeld & Sheffer (1994) Critical Thinking in Nursing: An Interactive Approach. 1st Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.