"Another illuminating example of the advantages of a posthuman scientific position is the One Health Initiative. The movement is inspired by Rudolf Virchow
(1821-1902), who coined the term zoonosis, arguing that there should be no dividing
lines between animal and human medicine. This position has been gathering
momentum in the last fifteen years. The One Health Initiative is a rather daring
interdisciplinary alliance that unites physicians, osteopaths, veterinarians, dentists,
nurses, and other scientific-health and environmentally related disciplines, on the
basis of a simple hypothesis, which is the isomorphism of structures between humans
and animals in immunology, bacteriology, and vaccine developments. This means
that humans are both exposed and vulnerable to new diseases, like bird flu and other
epidemics, which they share with animal species." p.16.
Rosi Braidotti. (2015). Yes, There Is No Crisis. Working Towards the Posthumanities. DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 2(1–2), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.11116/jdivegendstud.2.1-2.0009
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I have felt for many years that there is an implicit 'theory' in Hodges' model.
"Lastly, model is defined by May Brodbeck as "an isomorphic
representation of objects that leads to an unmistakable identification of the expression of the object with the physical object." p.235.
"Though, Models like theories, are systems of generalizations
based on empirical findings yet there are differences between
them. A theory basically involves a set of statements, called
either laws or propositions which are related to each other and
which express relationships between variables under varying
states of the system. It has to be kept in mind that although
some tentative or untested theories are called models, a model
and a theory are only roughly identical, because a model has a
more static connotation. Unlike concepts, models are not arbitrary, and can be confirmed or disconfirmed. They differ in the
degree of isomorphism they have with the modelled phenomena.
In social science, a model is not a concrete of "real" structure.
For that would be complete and idiosyncratic, from which it
would be difficult to develop generalizations. An important
distincton between theory and model is that while the model has
primarily predictive power, a theory has both predictive and
explanatory power. However, this is not true in all cases. Apart
from making predictions, models can also direct us towards new
materials and ground which are not yet covered thereby helping
us to discover more relationships, thus serving few heuristic
functions." p.237.
PATNAIK, L. K. (1989). MODEL BUILDING IN POLITICAL SCIENCE.
The Indian Journal of Political Science,
50(2), 234–250. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41855908
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I will add other useful references from here:
"Furthermore, in philosophy of science, a pragmatic
view on modelling has emerged over the last decade, in which the relation
between a model and its target, traditionally expressed as representation in the
form of formal, structuralist or syntactic morphism (such as isomorphism), is being replaced by emphasizing a pragmatic relationship, often simply described
as a situation where somebody creates a model of something with some purpose (Gelfert 2016, 113)." pp.344-45.
Ciula, A., Eide, Ø., Marras, C., & Sahle, P. (2018). Models and Modelling between Digital and Humanities. Remarks from a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, 43(4), 343–361. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26544261
Plus for completeness:
Gelfert, Axel. 2016. How to do science with models: a philosophical primer. Cham:
Springer.
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In the conclusion: "Despite the growing body of research
pertaining to a nascent theory of emergence, its central themes are based on a limited
theory–model–phenomena conception that does not adequately support those conceptual abstractions. Take, for instance, the direct transfer of microscopic concepts to
macroscopic levels of analysis. Strengthening the conceptual link beyond metaphorical device is essential to a robust process of theory building and holds numerous
applications, such as underpinning further social science research and theory-building pursuits. Without an effective isomorphism of theory and structures to real-world
behaviour, it is an arguable conclusion that a theory of emergence for human organisation does not currently exist. Such is the importance of ontological adequacy and
the interchange between conceptual models. It facilitates the practice of interdisciplinary science that characterises much of complexity research." p.319.
Yezdani, O., Sanzogni, L., & Poropat, A. (2015). Theory of emergence: introducing a model-centred approach to applied social science research. Prometheus, 33(3), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2016.1144669
My emphasis.
orcid.org/0000-0002-0192-8965
