Hodges' Model: Welcome to the QUAD: prison health

Hodges' model is a conceptual framework to support reflection and critical thinking. Situated, the model can help integrate all disciplines (academic and professional). Amid news items, are posts that illustrate the scope and application of the model. A bibliography and A4 template are provided in the sidebar. Welcome to the QUAD ...

Showing posts with label prison health. Show all posts
Showing posts with label prison health. Show all posts

Saturday, October 14, 2023

A citation of Hodges' model IN "Excellence in forensic psychiatry services..."

McLaughlin, P., Brady, P., Carabellese, F., Carabellese, F., Parente, L., Uhrskov Sorensen, L., . . . Kennedy, H. (2023). Excellence in forensic psychiatry services: International survey of qualities and correlates. BJPsych Open, 9(6), E193. doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.578

Background

Excellence is that quality that drives continuously improving outcomes for patients. Excellence must be measurable. We set out to measure excellence in forensic mental health services according to four levels of organisation and complexity (basic, standard, progressive and excellent) across seven domains: values and rights; clinical organisation; consistency; timescale; specialisation; routine outcome measures; research and development.

Aims

To validate the psychometric properties of a measurement scale to test which objective features of forensic services might relate to excellence: for example, university linkages, service size and integrated patient pathways across levels of therapeutic security.

Method

A survey instrument was devised by a modified Delphi process. Forensic leads, either clinical or academic, in 48 forensic services across 5 jurisdictions completed the questionnaire.

Results

Regression analysis found that the number of security levels, linked patient pathways, number of in-patient teams and joint university appointments predicted total excellence score.

Conclusions

Larger services organised according to stratified therapeutic security and with strong university and research links scored higher on this measure of excellence. A weakness is that these were self-ratings. Reliability could be improved with peer review and with objective measures such as quality and quantity of research output. For the future, studies are needed of the determinants of other objective measures of better outcomes for patients, including shorter lengths of stay, reduced recidivism and readmission, and improved physical and mental health and quality of life.

<>


As the second citation  for Hodges' model from ResearchGate this month, I hope this is a trend. If I can assist any researchers, please let me know. 

While welcome, I'm not interested in being a co-author; if I can help your understanding and application of Hodges' model this is what counts.

Delighted to add McLaughlin et al. to the bibliography.

Many thanks to Harry G. Kennedy and team.


Wednesday, September 14, 2022

Yes, size matters

 INDIVIDUAL
|
 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 
|
GROUP


Hammond, G. 'The mini market'. House&Home, City Living Special, FTWeekend, 4-5 May 2019, pp.8-9.
https://www.ft.com/content/03a9343e-6b35-11e9-80c7-60ee53e6681d





This morning I shared three slides with the PAMHOP research team and greatly appreciate the opportunity to present and join their meeting:

Physical and Mental Health of Older Prisoners (PAMHOP)

As I spoke of considering the environment and the carceral context across the domains of the model, I recalled another piece of paper.

The image above is from FTWeekend in 2019.

In prison of course, while the physical environment is the intended constraint, the model also invites consideration of the psychological, social, political environments and added here - the spiritual.

Since 2019 and post-COVID, the change in how we regard and value the spaces we inhabit - voluntarily or otherwise.

Hammond, G. 'The mini market'. House&Home, City Living Special, FTWeekend, 4-5 May 2019, pp.8-9. https://www.ft.com/content/03a9343e-6b35-11e9-80c7-60ee53e6681d

The image above was copied from FTWeekend and pasted into a new image and saved from avif format to .jpg.

 

Saturday, May 21, 2022

Book - "Criminal: How Our Prisons Are Failing Us All"

INDIVIDUAL
|
 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 
|
GROUP

LIFE CHANCES

LIFE SKILLS

(mental) health
learning disability
acquired brain injury
post traumatic disorder
...



Personalised medicine:

"If you use substance 'x' or this class of drugs, then there is a 'y' probability that 'z' will happen." ...
... future ...?

Traumatic Brain Injury Screening
Collective Life Chances

Society ...?

Life Skills 'fit' for 21st C.

EDUCATION
EDUCATION
EDUCATION

Pre-School!
Pre-School!!
Pre-School!!!

equity

Social Justice

 


I heard Angela Kirwin being interviewed about her book on Times Radio earlier today.

Prisons have changed. Haven't they? Prison reform 'happened'. It is a fact of history after all - Elizabeth Fry et al.? At least according to Social and Economic History GCSE in the 1970s.

Mental asylums changed. They have closed. 

Prisons have (apparently) changed markedly since the 19th - 20th century.

With the 'asylum system' of institutionalised 'care' they share a few things in common..

The 'estate' was Victorian (Winwick Hospital is long gone - leaking, cockroach infested, red carpet at the main entrance - with frequent reference to custodial care and how to change - challenge this.).

Now community care, or care in the community (take your pick) holds sway. 

We are a fifth of the way into the 21st century - can you believe it?

Decades from now will they look at the prison system now and see it as archaic as we see the 'lunatic asylums' pre-20th century (terrible for much of the 20th in fact), and yet we often forget the rationale for their original establishment?

From a mental health perspective what do the social determinants (of health) mean?

Mechanistically speaking, it seems determinism is very much doing its work - too many enter the political system and it's not the one - to represent the community in Parliament.

I've viewed Hodges' model as a resource to highlight parity of esteem at an individual level (physical AND mental health).

Increasing in relevance, I can see its utility in the pursuit of collective parity of esteem.

The most troubling commonality here: care in the community is unfinished. It sort of got started. It fledged, but never took flight.

There were many compassionate, caring, professional staff in the asylums. Exceptional role models. They saw the theory - practice gap. Pointing it out. Aptitude - Attitude. They were the heart in the Victorian shell, even as science struggled (and still does) with the ghost in the machine.

Historically speaking the ‘workhouse’ is closer than we think.

The UK rightly lauds its National Health Service, created in 1948. The Poor Law was also abolished in 1948 (Hillam and Bone, 1999).

Prisons, mental health care, preventive health, health education and community care .. so much still to do.

This sounds an interesting new book too! :-)

Hillam, Christine., and J.M. Bone. THE POOR LAW AND AFTER: workhouse hospitals and public welfare. Liverpool: Liverpool Medical History Society, 1999. ISSN 1364-999x


Monday, January 10, 2022

Reference [ii] "Practice in forensic psychiatry: A proposed interdisciplinary model"

Practice in forensic psychiatry:
A proposed interdisciplinary model

Expanding on the post about a further reference for Hodges' model:

Holmes, D. Perron, A. Jacob, J.D. Paradis-Gagné, É. & Gratton, S (2018). Pratique en milieu de psychiatrie légale: proposition d’un modèle interdisciplinaire. Recherche en soins infirmiers, (Practice in forensic psychiatry: A proposed interdisciplinary model). 134, 33-43. DOI: 10.3917/rsi.134.0033

Here, and on twitter I have sought to stress the limitations of the biopsychosocial model in healthcare, and I value Holmes et al. recognition of Hodges' model as politico-biopsychosocial. 

The authors also identify the structural nature of the model.

 

In comparing 'models of care' there is the question of whether Hodges' model is a model of care. As a generic conceptual framework Hodges' model can of course be used in the health care (as per its original design and creation) but it can be used to compare models of care.

Below, translated by Google are the models used in the paper.

I have altered the listing bringing the Tidal and Recovery model s together. Some I've 'mapped' in pairs, using formatting to indicate the differences.

Tidal Model

"The Tidal Model is a humanistic nursing model of recovery developed by Barker (12) with the premise that the person with mental disorder has strengths, abilities, personal priorities and a future ahead (13). This model of care, popular in forensic psychiatry circles, recognizes certain deficits of the hospitalized patient but it is especially interested in the meaning that the latter attributes to them. The sick person is the expert in his life and is therefore the one who contributes the most to his own recovery. This nursing perspective is therefore centered on the phenomenological experience (lived experience) of the patient and on the role of the staff, which is to allow healing and restore hope (12,14)."  

Recovery Model

"A popular model in mental health care, the recovery model is increasingly gaining ground in psychiatric care settings (28). The postulates of this humanistic model state that anyone, including those suffering from mental disorders, can aspire to a fulfilling future, participate in rewarding and inspiring activities, self-determination and finally, be able to live in an environment free of stigma and discrimination (29). The peculiarity of this model lies in the fact that recovery is part of a process where the person with mental illness can continue to show symptoms while being able to adapt to their condition (often chronic) and pursue their goals. life (30)."
Individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group

recovery
strengths, abilities, personal priorities
deficits
healing and hope
phenomenological -
(lived experience)

personal responsibility
fulfillment - life goals
patient as expert
personal adaptation
living with x,y,z...
coping strategies

place as context
my future
deficits
signs - symptoms
chronicity
Institutional settings
clinical - hospital



humanistic - human qualities
social expectations
social contribution
participation - social inclusion
free from stigma
deficits

Institutional settings
politics of recovery
free from discrimination
forensic
deficits

<>

Integrated Practice Model

"This model was developed by Virginia Lynch, a pioneer in forensic psychiatry, and it guides the role of practicing staff in this care setting (15). There are three main theoretical foundations: 1) the fields of expertise involved (nursing, criminal justice and forensic science), 2) the health system (victim and offender, health care and forensic nursing ) and 3) the social impact (social sanction, human behavior, crime and violence) (16). According to this model, patients should be cared for using an interdisciplinary and holistic approach (15)."
Individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group
nursing
forensic psychiatry
2. health system
interdisciplinary
holistic

OFFENDER

nursing
theoretical foundations
forensic science
1. fields of expertise
2. health system
interdisciplinary
holistic


VICTIM

role of practitioners
2. health system
3. social impact
(
social sanction,
human behavior,
crime and violence)



criminal justice
2. health system

<>
Model of Nursing Interaction

"This model of care includes six categories of forensic nursing interaction with the goal of establishing a relationship with the patient: establishing and maintaining a relationship (relationship based on honesty, respect and trust), encouraging and support interactions (help the patient to recognize his qualities and use his resources), the learning of social skills (encourage the patient to do social activities and talk to others), reality orientation (help the patient patient to be aware of his way of being and of acting), reflective interactions (the perception of the patient and his problems) and the learning of practical skills (encouraging the patient to develop good lifestyle habits) ( 17,18)."


Individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group

patient qualities, resources

reflective interaction
self-perception of problems
reality orientation
awareness of way of being and of acting

practical skills
develop lifestyle skills


reality orientation

learn social skills
develop lifestyle skills encourage social activities
talk to others

encourage and support interactions
reality orientation
perception of patient and problems
<>
Healthy Living Program

"This model was developed in response to metabolic syndrome and physical illnesses that may develop in people with severe mental illness (19). It includes programs related to health promotion activities such as weight reduction, smoking cessation, physical exercise, etc. It is a voluntary approach that not only improves physical health, but also independence and recovery. For the program to work in the institution and to fit into its organizational culture, the approach must be flexible and systematically maintained by the entire interdisciplinary team."

[ PARITY OF ESTEEM ] 
mental health - metabolic syndrome physical illnesses
Individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group
independence
recovery
voluntary approach

(physical) health promotion activities such as weight reduction, smoking cessation, physical exercise,



independence
recovery


voluntary approach

for program to work in the institution and to fit into its organizational culture, the approach must be flexible and systematically maintained by the entire interdisciplinary team

<>
Holistic Model

"This model is used in forensic care in the assessment, health care and psychotherapy of patients with personality disorder (22). Holistic care includes the physical (diet and exercise), cultural, spiritual, and psychosocial needs of the patient. This model is based on problem solving, anger management and decision making. Caring is a central concept in the holistic model and is actualized in an emotional, psychosocial, constant and authentic caring response (23). It is for caregivers to be present for the patient, to respect his situation, to understand his experience and to demonstrate a desire to help."

Individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group
holistic care
personality disorder
[mental] health care
psychotherapy
assessment
emotion
problem solving, anger management
decision making
actualized

psycho-


holistic care
'caring'
assessment
diet, exercise
health care
'being present'


-social

culture
holistic care
'being present'
constant and authentic caring
understand person's experience
respect person's situation
desire to help


forensic care
holistic care

desire to help
(also exemplified in the organisation?)

<>
Good Lives Model

"This model focuses on the offense committed by the mentally disordered offender, his recovery, the promotion of personal goals, the reduction of the risk of reoffending, and the treatment of mental illness (24,25, 26). The model favors an approach based on the strengths of the patient. In addition, mechanisms of change are present, that is to say that behaviors judged to be poorly adapted are replaced by adapted behaviors when the patient is equipped with the skills, resources and support provided by the nursing staff. This model contextualizes the offense, focuses on the symptoms of mental illness while conceptualizing both as inappropriate behaviors.This model helps to better understand the relationship between mental illness and crime in order to create an individualized plan of care."
Risk-Need-Responsivity Model

"This model (27) imported from the correctional environment was adapted to the psycho-legal context by the addition of the “mental illness” dimension. It was developed primarily to reduce the risk of recurrence. Care interventions are geared towards the identification and treatment of criminogenic factors. This model is based on three major principles: the risk principle (granting the highest level of resources to the group most at risk of crime), the needs principle (identifying dynamic criminogenic risk factors and targeting them in treatment) and the principle of receptivity (adjusting programs according to the characteristics of the person: learning style, motivation, strengths, etc.) (24,25)."
Individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group

mentally disordered (diagnosis)
recovery

characteristics of the person learning style (evidence?)
motivation, strengths
3.
principle of receptivity treatment: skills, resilience
personal goals
“mental illness” <-> crime

recurrence
individualized plan of care


1. risk principle ->
resource allocation

recurrence

treatment
2. dynamic criminogenic risk factors 
support of nursing staff


treatment
[social determinants?]
mechanisms of change
adapted behaviours
inappropriate behaviours
recurrence

offense
reoffending


correctional environment
contextualise the offence
treatment
principles [policy]

recurrence

<>

Hodges' Health Career Model

"This model has a politico-biopsychosocial structure which is consistent with contemporary interdisciplinary practice (20); that is, it relies on a multidimensional critical approach, incorporating writings in sociology and politics, in order to understand the person in context. It is based on four objectives: measuring learning, providing holistic care, supporting reflective practice and closing the gap between theory and practice (21). This model is applicable in various clinical situations in a psycho-legal context. When this model is used as a frame of reference, it emphasizes the role of caregivers who must meet the patient's needs and focus on their problems. It also serves as a guide to assess and provide assistance to the patient vis-à-vis their physical, psychological and social needs as well as with the justice system in order to promote their recovery. The theoretical foundations call on four sources of knowledge: interpersonal, scientific, sociological and political (21)."

The PERSON in Context 

(situated)

Individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group

INTRAPERSONAL
INTERPERSONAL
reflective practice
conceptual structure

psychological needs

measure of learning

psycho-
SCIENTIFIC

physical needs

theory-practice gap


SOCIOLOGICAL

reflective practice
(develop self-awareness)

social needs

practice-theory gap

POLITICAL
justice system (needs)







-legal

[ all embedded within the SPIRITUAL ]

Not just 'problems' Hodges' model can incorporate any desired stance, perspective or philosophical approach - strengths, disease, skills, weaknesses or deficits, psychosocial for example.

I am not sure about explicitly 'measuring learning, but the model can be used by learners and teaching staff / mentors to demonstrate their understanding and justify their output - formulation.

There is an instrumental potential in Hodges' model as a whole. Hodges' model can illustrate the degree of holistic intent - whether this is realised could also be indicated using the model.

Once again I am grateful to the authors for their inclusion of Hodges' model. The reference is listed in the blog's bibliography (please see the sidebar for others) which includes:

Doyle, M., Jones, P. (2013). Hodges’ Health Career Model and its role and potential application in forensic mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 20, 7, 631-640.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01961.x/abstract

Jones P. (2014) Using a conceptual framework to explore the dimensions of recovery and their relationship to service user choice and self-determination. International Journal of Person Centered Medicine. Vol 3, No 4, (2013) pp.305-311.

See also on W2tQ (with overlap):

https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=forensic

https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=justice

https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=interdisciplinary

Monday, December 02, 2019

iv RCGP’s 7th Health and Justice Summit ...

I've been working through notes, photographs and the summit programme hence the flip-flopping between days.

So, back to day one:

Megan Georgiou, Jem Jethwa and Dave Banks, Programme Manager for Royal College of Psychiatrists, Project Officer at Royal College of Psychiatrists and Lead Nurse for the Intensive Support Unit at HMP Durham and Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust
“Transforming the Care Programme Approach in Prisons”

The Care Programme Approach (CPA) has a history of being poorly implemented within a prison setting. The Quality Network for Prison Mental Health Services and Tees, Esk and Wear Foundation Trust have teamed up to review the process and develop new tools and guidance. The purpose of the workstream is to improve service delivery and patient care. The workshop will summarise the findings from the consultation event and present our work to date.

Late again and frustrated since as a former CPA Lead this subject is close to my heart. It is not a sacred cow, although the learning and values that it helps carry must be carried forward.

I got the immediate impression of a methodology being presented and sure enough we practised too:

Go M.A.D. Thinking ® Results Framework

Part of the approach includes the 10 possibility thinking areas as per the photo.



[There's an additional exercise that reveals the ability of Hodges' model to help prioritise, contextualise (or decontextualise) and assign the 10 areas.]

Dr Alex Acosta-Armas & Ms Sarah Hill, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist & Service Manager for  North London Forensic Service presented “Forensic Learning Disability Pathways, from prison to the community: Less restrictive practices in secure care and the development of a specialist community forensic LD service”.
Pathways of care for people with learning disabilities, from prison with the establishment of assessment and detection services, followed by secure inpatient care, focussed on introducing less restrictive practice interventions. Development of a community forensic learning disability service aimed to facilitate transition into the community and to support community services.
Brian E Hodges who created Hodges' model was a Learning Disability Nurse and Tutor and designed the model with this population in mind.

I was not ideally placed for photos, but would encourage readers interested in Forensic Learning Disability Pathway to seek out the slides. There was a local history from 1997, improving quality, stating the case for a Community Forensic LD Team, eligibility criteria (referrals), progress since April 2019 and training delivered to date. This was informative relating autistic spectrum disorder, training for staff, assessment within prison and in-patient settings, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,risk concerns - sexual offending, arson, stalking and FTAC - Fixated Threat Assessment Centres.

Whenever I see a slide, paper ... titled "New Model of care" my heart skips a beat. This model was CHOICES. I will try and obtain more information. 

Robert McEntree - Defining trauma
A workshop was presented by Michelle Osborne & Robert McEntree, Ward Manger & Staff Nurse for Arnold Lodge on “Trauma Informed Care in Forensic Health Care: Male Mental Illness”
How the admission ward of a Medium Secure Forensic Mental Health Unit in Leicester is introducing a framework for Trauma Informed Care.

There is frequent use of 'lenses' as a metaphor and this workshop was helpful as to me it presented 'trauma' as another lens, a potentially constructive metaphor upon an emotional - lived reality (with varying degrees of recall). Robert defined trauma with references and some texts:

The Polyvagal Theory, Stephen W. Porges:
https://www.stephenporges.com/books

The Body Bears The Burden, Robert Scaer:
https://www.routledge.com/The-Body-Bears-the-Burden-Trauma-Dissociation-and-Disease-3rd-Edition/Scaer/p/book/9780415641524

The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma Book, Bessel van der Kolk:
https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/259/259420/the-body-keeps-the-score/9780141978611.html

Despite trauma's acuity (obviousness?) the slides were very informative:

What we talk about when we talk about "Trauma"
  • Pervasive
  • Impactful
  • Effects the most vulnerable in society
  • Self perpetuating
  • Negates potentially supportive relationships
Five core values of Trauma Informed Care and Environments

Safety  Trust  Collaboration  Choice  Empowerment

Barnett Brown, V., Harris, M., and Fallot, R. (2013) Moving toward Trauma-Informed Practice in Addiction Treatment: A Collaborative Model of Agency Assessment, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45:5, 386-393, DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.844381

Fallot, R.D. and Harris, M. 2009. Creating Cultures of Trauma-Informed Care: A Self-Assessment and Planning Protocol, Washington, DC: Community Connections. [Google Scholar]

See also:
Becoming Trauma Informed:
https://www.mappingthemaze.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Covington-Trauma-toolkit.pdf

In post iii I made (rather) a lot of 'transitions' and two major examples include veterans returning to civilian life and prisoners on release. The frequency of 'transition' was even raised at the summit. For example, if prisoners are recruited to a health programme and are then released that will be 'lost' so interventions are kept short for that reason. Alternately, reflecting cold reality there is acceptance in being able to re-enrol should someone arrive in custody once again.

Before closing remarks and thanks the summit's sessions ended with news of a transition:

Kate Morrissey, National Programme Manager - Mental Health, Implementation Lead for RECONNECT on:
 “RECONNECT – Care After Custody” 

When I referred to the obviousness of trauma above, of course so often to the observer psychic trauma is not obvious. Is this why transition to stability, coping, staying well, recovery is so hard won? Is this why in housing, welfare and benefits so often the lens cycles through what is 'seen' resulting in doubt, denial and neglect?

These four posts reflect the main sessions and workshops I opted to attend. The summit's focus also included Women in prison, Transgender pathways and Children’s services.

Many thanks to Convenzis and other organisers, sponsors and supporters:
Great values, learning and job.


Saturday, November 30, 2019

iii RCGP’s 7th Health and Justice Summit ...

Returning to Juliet Lyon CBE, Chair of the Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody, who presented ‘Keeping Safe – how consultation with women and men in prison and health and justice professionals informs our work and advice to ministers.’

In February this year the Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody (IAP) and the national newspaper for people in prison, Inside Time, began a ground-breaking collaboration - Keeping Safe - to help keep people in prison safe. Supported by the Samaritans and Prison Radio, the IAP called on Inside Time readers to say how best to prevent suicide and self-harm. Prisoners’ recommendations in this Inside Time special report reflect evidence from, and recommendations made repeatedly by, amongst others, the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman, HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, the Chief Coroner and the National Audit Office.
Ms Lyon spoke of the clinical context, hope and time:

What was done in the  ::   Being in Prison  ::    What might be done in the
Past                        Now                             Future

Mention was made of a 'Keeping Safe' event in February 2020. If I learn more, I will add details.

Mark Langridge took us through some technology developments in healthcare as Care UK National Lead Pharmacist:

Socrates (with reference to 5-domains of well-being)
PharmaSelf24
PrisonAssist
Turning-On

There was discussion of "Opt-out" in respect to population screening for antibody positive screening tests and how the question is framed:

"Want your bloods done, luv?"

"We test everyone because    ...
is that OK with you?"

On day 2 Suzy Diamond-White, Governor at HMP Eastwood Park shared management experiences and the quest for change in ‘Delivering Health and Wellbeing in a Women’s Prison’
A look at how health services are delivered within the operational demands of daily life at Eastwood Park given its complex population and wide geographical catchment area. How we keep wellbeing on the agenda to support our contracted health teams. What is so specific about a women’s prison? What needs to be overcome to ensure equivalent service to the community.
Gender was obviously fundamental here, the fit and appropriateness of P.E. kits, the procurement and supply of sanitary towels and incontinence pads. What is 'hygiene' being accounted for through a 'cleaning' budget and other historical legacies to be challenged. The geographical range of Eastwood Park across nine counties and all the consequences for family and children. Talk of prison as a punishment and the public's view was echoed a few times at the summit.

Elizabeth Moody, Deputy Ombudsman at Prisons and Probation Ombudsman provided more reflection on deaths in custody, stressing the families affected by and need for action and lessons to be learned. High profile cases were mentioned in several presentations. The talk gave me a sense on one hand of what families must go through, especially when circumstances suddenly engulfs an individual in the criminal justice system. The work that independent agencies do behind the headlines and sometimes in the midst of them

Chantal Edge, NIHR Clinical Doctoral Research Fellow for Department of Epidemiology and Public Health described research on “Systems barriers to telemedicine in prisons”.
Experiences of systems barriers (prison and hospital/community) encountered in England whilst attempting to operationalise a local prison-hospital telemedicine model, alongside broader evidence on prison telemedicine implementation barriers drawn from a systematic qualitative literature review of published prison telemedicine evidence.
I was late arriving to this session. As per my thoughts concerning Dr Matthew Langley's presentation the potential socio-technical studies might provide some insights?

Although it is also a commercial vehicle, Raconteur published with The Times had a special report on 5G in June. In a similar way to my references to the 5-Care-Domains of Hodges' model, many people talk of 5G and its speed, without fully understanding the change and opportunities this can bring. The report's summary:
"5G is so much more than faster 4G, but the extraordinary hype surrounding it has left many confused over what it will actually do for them. The 5G special report, published in The Times aims to shine light on this, exploring how 5G can transform healthcare and make smart roads a reality ahead of autonomous cars. It covers how to address public concerns over the health impacts of 5G and examines whether the rush to be first in the 5G race is a fool’s errand, with comment on how it might be better to deploy 5G best, rather than deploy it first. Also featured is an infographic measuring the true impact of 5G and looking at the sectors which stand to benefit the most ..."
Chantal provided some copies of an associated paper:

Edge, C., Black, G., King, E., George, J., Patel, S., & Hayward, A. (2019). Improving care quality with prison telemedicine: The effects of context and multiplicity on successful implementation and use. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19869131


Rachel Gibbs "Equalizing Spaces"
Rachel Gibbs, Assistant Director for Prison Healthcare Services for Northern Ireland shared a travel fellowship “Equalising Spaces”.
Rachel Gibbs was awarded a Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Fellowship in 2019. She will share learning from her visits to Prison Healthcare services/Transitions clinics/Harm reduction rooms in California, North Dakota, New York, Barcelona, Geneva and Stockholm over an eight week period in order to being back innovative ideas to the UK. She will share some of the user involvement work happening in Northern Ireland.


Churchill Fellowship


The title of this session including 'spaces' had my immediate attention and did not disappoint. Rachel's Gibbs also provided help in making me feel a little less guilty in the future. Rachel highlighted and reminded me of the value of travel in the exchange, transfusion and diffusion of ideas, a difficult equation to resolve in these flight-shaming days.





Rachel Gibbs - findings
I do wonder what a global consensus would be on models of care, nursing theory and what other continents have to say (if anything?) on this topic that might inform my study of Hodges' model. Rachel recounted her travels and learning not just from her peers but from prisoners and ex-prisoners. Existing awareness of international health and justice provision was used to focus countries to visit.

Rachel shared her time with:

Transitions Clinic Network (TCN), USA.

and 
One Day at a time
Empowering youth to lead positive lives

Hodges' model repeatedly 'takes' me to spaces of all kinds and also transitions:

Life course - infant - child - teens - adult - older adult - end of life
Life course - infant - child - teens - adult - older adult - end of life :: Diagnosis X (Rare?)
Health - Social Care
Critical information giving :: Pre - Post
Adult service - Older Adult Services
Looked after Children - Adult
Younger Adult, Adult, Older Adult :: Early Onset Dementia
Home care - Day care - Respite care - Residential Care
Continuing Health Care
Justice and Health
Veteran - Civilian
Risk
Formative education - Lifelong learning
Health - Trauma - Intensive Treatment - Return Home
and other Transitions (Prevention!) ...

We often think of tools and the need for them to be ready to hand, as in organising your workspace. Increasingly as the list above suggests there is a need for tools to help keep things 'close to mind' also.

Professor Graeme Henderson (School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience for The University of Bristol) gave a serious and yet entertaining talk on“Why are fentanyls so deadly?”
Fentanyls are highly potent opioid agonists. Only small quantities are required to produce their effects and this may make them attractive drugs for smuggling into prisons. fentanyls have pharmacological properties that make them more likely to lead to overdose than other opioids – in addition to their high potency and rapid onset of action these drugs induce respiratory muscle stiffness making it difficult to breath, are less sensitive than heroin to naloxone reversal and may show reduced cross tolerance to other opioids.
Prof Henderson provided statistics that had you paying notice, supporting the first answers to the title:
  • High potency
  • Faster rate of onset of respiratory depression
  • Muscle stiffness (wooden chest) making it harder to breathe
  • Lower cross tolerance between heroin and fentanyl
  • Resistance to naloxone reversal
The Chairs for the summit had quite rightly drew delegates attention to the exhibitors, so I was a bit late again here. The photo is not very good, but brings home the potency of fentanyl. (That is Prof Henderson in the biohazard suit.)




... (still) to be completed - part iv to follow ...

Thursday, November 28, 2019

ii RCGP’s 7th Health and Justice Summit: Journeys Through Justice – Leadership and Transformation

Before moving to day 2 ...

- the keynote by Cllr Asher Craig Deputy Mayor (Communities, Equalities & Public Health) at St George West Ward and Bristol City Council provided a city-wide perspective on public health, public mental health, the lived experience of child poverty and with it adverse childhood experiences, the impact of institutional racism and deaths in custody. I've taken more notice locally of community initiatives and sadly note speaking to what was once a local authority day care centre is now a social enterprise with uncertainty about its future. Cllr Craig spoke of Bristol's One City Approach and Learning Circles.

I attended Dr James Matheson's workshop, a GP at Hill Top Surgery and three medical students at Manchester Medical School - “Resources for primary care support to people in contact with the criminal justice system and their equally-affected others”

"Whilst the GP workforce is short, never have we had so many GPs in training. Is general training enough without extra specialist skills training on top? How then do we create and deliver a curriculum to inspire and prepare the next generation adequately for the challenges they will face?"
With posts to follow reviewing Kinchin's book the care environment presented by prison health  seems to encourage a network approach to learning, not merely linear - procedural - chain like approaches. As air safety methods demonstrate (outside of recent design?) checklists have their vital place as a heuristic and decision-making algorithm, but prison immediately challenges a student's attitudes, their expectations of themselves and others. Meeting prisoners crystalises a focus on self-awareness, what is subjective, objective, verbal and non-verbal communication. As per the synopsis the enthusiasm and feedback of the students to their learning was great to hear.

In addition to the student's contributions Dr Matheson highlighted inequality and referenced the "Deaths of Despair" that we have reached.

Another by Dr Matthew Langley, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist for Rampton Hospital addressed:
“Remote vital signs and activity monitoring”.
"Early experiences with remote vital signs monitoring technology in High Secure (Women’s) Coral Ward (NHSHSW) is trialling Lio Health (Oxehealth)’s remote vital signs and activity monitoring system. This is an innovative solution to support our staff but also presents challenges to integrate effectively. This presentation will discuss initial feedback from staff and patients and investigate our experience as a service with this new technology."
This project was already underway when Dr Langley returned to work at Rampton. Apparently the technology is very effective, Dr Langley trying it himself. Risk is a cost-rationaliser and here the risk is acute. Generally in health care professionals will need to weigh the ethical pressures in adopting technology. Technology will be a factor in making health care (and universal health care) sustainable, but as with electronic health records and their benefits the latter need to be assured. Does a technology 'solution' really free senior staff to focus on more 'complex' work?

I did not ask in session Dr Langley about his awareness of work on socio-technical approaches and Enid Mumford's work. At coffee we had a chat and will follow up with some information. I am very much an advocate for technology - students expect no less, the public look at what we do, the way we work and rightly wonder: wither the technology?

Another concern, however, is the word 'recognition'. Facial recognition is already politically and ethically loaded. States are deploying this technology with 'emotional recognition', so careful consideration and critique is needed (imho).

Sarah Bromley, National Medical Director Health in Justice at Care UK, covered:
“Patient Safety and Quality in Prisons”
"Deaths in Custody are still rising and the PPO have identified repeat recommendations that continue to contribute to deaths. How do we learn lessons and implement change and how do we know when we have been successful. Dr Sarah Bromley will discuss the challenges faced, the Care UK PROTECT programme and quality assurance measures in use."
Sarah appealed to my 'information-oriented' focus, as it was noted how teams can still reach a point with a new referral / patient ' client and question:

"Have we got more information"?
"No."
"Oh, right."

They then elect to carry on without this (acute - in contrast to the uncertainty it represents?) need being pursued and fulfilled. A useful distinction was made by Sarah between training for staff - Wellbeing approach, ASSIST training 2-days on self-harm and suicidality, TRIM training; and support for staff who experience extreme trauma, clinical supervision and clinical forums.

There are subjects that need regular update and so I was very grateful for:

Dr Iain Brew, Deputy National Medical Director of Health in Justice Medicines Safety and
“Hepatitis C – developments and outcomes”.

This was very helpful personally as a nurse, and in the national and global objectives that have been set. With Hodges' model incorporating an individual -- group (population) axis and a Political care domain two further talks were greatly appreciated:

Juliet Lyon CBE, Chair of the Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody, who presented ‘Keeping Safe – how consultation with women and men in prison and health and justice professionals informs our work and advice to ministers.’ Ms Lyon explained feedback from prisoners on how "... you get the odd officer who really takes care and really wants to do something but there should be an officer on every landing who spends at least twenty minutes with one prisoner at a time through the time he is there and understand him and get to know him rather him just being a number ...".

A comment Ms Lyon made concerned the training of prison officers. The time is limited. I spoke briefly to Ms Lyon as there is a resource that imho should be a part of all course 101's and again I will reach for the email. This resource might help many prisoners too. One of the needs identified was prevention, improving prisoner - officer relationships and preparation for release. It must surely help in all of these if prisoners themselves were better equipped to reflect and have a better relationship with themselves? Self-esteem counts for a great deal and whether inside or out it seems many prisoner's self-esteem is challenged, even if sufficiently coherent and emotionally mature?

A quote also struck a chord: "All my life just got the better of me since aged 13" and a self-harmer.

And, Dr Brad Hillier, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist at Heathrow Immigration and Removal Centres on “Mental Health and Substance Misuse in the Immigration Estate”. A topic that is clinically remote to me and yet conceptually 'visible'. Visible through geopsychiatry, the impacts of conflict, enforced migration.

Dr Hillier outlined the history of immigration removal in the UK from "Immigration Act Prisoners"
1970 - small detention unit in Harmondsworth, similar units in Dover and Gatwick.
Most IAPs held in prisons (180 in 1982).
1993 - Campsfield House converted from prison to IRC
Current system dates from around 2001-6
Home Office Policy to detain and deport developed
Detention Centre Rules (2001 - statutory instrument)
Immigration Detainees

More background on 'Routes into Detention'; the impact of detention on mental health (Von Werthem et al. 2018; Adult at Risk and Rule 35 - consideration for release on medical/professional evidence that there is a history/evidence of
  • Torture/trauma
  • self-harm
  • Health condition (mental and physical) ...;
and Issues on removal / release.

This insight was new for me.

Although the programme is primarily divided between plenary sessions and workshops, the workshops - at least those I attended are essentially presentations. The room layouts reflected this. A workshop for me should have an audience work.

More to follow ...

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

i RCGP’s 7th Health and Justice Summit: Journeys Through Justice – Leadership and Transformation

Day one of my second Health & Justice Summit (with Convenzis) was very enjoyable and informative. The title even had me wondering whether I have inadvertantly referred online, or in conversation to the conference as 'Justice & Health'. This one, like January's in Liverpool demonstrates the balancing act that is: health (care) and justice.

Sometimes given the all-encompassing nature of Hodges' model you might think nothing stood out on day one. There is key learning here for me as on Monday I take on a ready-made caseload with an 'Adult' Community Mental Health Team. The team / service designations (Adult / Older Adult) are not mine (but, yes I am part of this 'system') and within teams due attention is given to ageism and 'where' patients are best suited whatever their age. While not specifically prison health, the new part-time role includes references to substance misuse, self-harm, history of violence, personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. (The current political context was also acknowledged and applied on several occasions.)

As I start to write this (25th Nov) PM on BBC Radio 4 is deliberating on violent incidents and the need to toughen up on sentences, the glamourising of certain lifestyles and expectations for life chances, employment, police numbers, youth services, political manifestos, social media and understanding 'all this'. Amid what is a complex background the event's agenda was context packed, but for me several sessions stood out.

Suicide and Self-Harm across the Criminal Justice Pathway with Dr Louise Robinson
Suicide and Self-Harm across the Criminal Justice Pathway
with Dr Louise Robinson

Prison health is a challenging context. The prison health community are not just asking hard questions, they are clearly researching them, as in 'Suicide and Self-Harm across the Criminal Justice Pathway' with Dr Louise Robinson. The research pathway was outlined. Interventions discussed included 'skin camouflage' for self-harm; and Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy [PIT].

The development of the study from feasibility to WORSHIP I & "Women Offenders Self Harm Intervention Pilot I":

Walker, T., Shaw, J., Turpin, C., Reid, C., & Abel, K. (2017) The WORSHIP II study: a pilot of psychodynamic interpersonal therapy with women offenders who self-harm, The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 28:2, 158-171, DOI: 10.1080/14789949.2017.1301529

- through to the latest WORSHIP III. It must be marvellous to be part of evidence-based thought and practice development and with future plans delineated: Complete WORSHIP III, COVER RCT; Cell-Soothe and PrisScope.

Miranda Davies of the Nuffield Trust reported work on "Prisoners' use of hospital services in 2017/18. Many were shocked hearing that 31% prisoners miss out-patient appointments, in contrast to a general did-not-attend - DNA rate of 8.6%. Was this due to the 'patient', or prison reasons? With frequent talk of the need for increased productivity and its neighbours of efficiency and effectiveness: this is painful. Miranda Davies also questioned the limits of hospital data: what (and how) healthcare is provided in prisons; wider aspects of the prison environment; whether researchers are capturing all the activity associated with prisoners from post code alone and coding quality.

Defining trauma



Emma Facer-Irwin explained “The role of trauma and PTSD on negative behaviours among male prisoners: Toward a model of Trauma-Informed Correctional Care in the UK”. When revising and updating - definitions are always welcome.









This definition is useful as on twitter and elsewhere you cannot fail to notice an addition to the debate, critique and vitriol on PTSD with the companion of Complex PTSD.

Differentiating between PTSD and Complex PTSD
This slide 'gave' me the lead for this blog post. It stresses the 'self' and interpersonal difficulties which can create humanistic chaos, by undermining relationships old and new 'in' the Sociological domain. The intra-personal and reflexive aspect is found in the re-experiencing centred on the inter-interpersonal domain as memory, emotional response, dreams (nightmares) and avoidance behaviours that can also affect other people.

In another session the bias, stigma and damage associated with the diagnosis of personality disorder as a 'bin' was noted. This was very positive to hear and later ('elsewhere') on twitter, negative responses in cases of self-harm in casualty by nurses were also called out. I remember this being highlighted in the late 1990s - early 2000s, a surprise that such negative attitudes from mental health professionals can still be expressed and felt.

Here in a tweet are organisers, supporters and sponsors who made the event possible:
https://twitter.com/h2cm/status/1199459402446712832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw


More to follow ...

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

A key to Health & Art...?

INDIVIDUAL
|
INTER-PERSONAL : SCIENCES
HUMANISTIC -------------------------------------------------- MECHANISTIC
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
GROUP

"When you have no power, no rights, no privacy, and no control - when your humanity is denied and your liberty revoked - creativity can still save you. That is the radical message message of The Pencil is a Key, a potent and timely exhibition at the Drawing Center in New York. ...
As Milton declared, "the mind is its own place, and in itself / Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven". The pencil can be a tool in this act of self-creation. Drawing unlocks the brain's shackles, empowering the passive prisoner with private forms of dignity and escape." p.15.


T
h
e

P
e
n
c
i
l


http://thebottomline.drawingcenter.org/2019/10/16/the-pencil-is-a-key-drawings-by-incarcerated-artists-extended-resource-list/
Chester Brost, Devon Daniels, Joseph Dole, Francisco “Paco” Estrada, Darrell W. Fair, R Dot Nandez,
 Damon Locks, C. McLaurin, Flynard “Fly 1” Miller, Andrés Reyes, Sarah Ross,
 B.R. Shaw, Bring, Johnny Taylor. The Long Term, 2017–2018.
Video animation, 13:05 minutes. Courtesy of the artists.
Image courtesy of C. McLaurin.

i
s

a

K
e
y



My source:
Ariella Budick, The mind unlocked, Life&Arts, FT Weekend, 2-3 November 2019, p.15.


... and looking forward next week to:

RCGP’s 7th Health and Justice Summit: Journeys Through Justice – Leadership and Transformation
Bristol, 25-26 November 2019

- on which more to follow ...

Saturday, August 10, 2019

Threshold Concepts: Reflection on chaos, complexity and AI

Here are the reflections on the photograph posted in June following the Conference on Threshold Concepts:



Chaos can occur in any one ... or all of the four domains of Hodges' model. The same applies to order.

http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~kjerland/Lorenz/lorenz_attractor.html


This is a characteristic of chaos and chaotic systems.

Chaos can arise at any time: in the here and now, being sown now for the future (climate change?), or springing from the past, as in pleasurable, or traumatic memories.

While the Lorenz attractor and other graphical examples are grounded in mathematics and science, in #h2cm we need to imagine the butterfly diagram extended across and simultaneously at work across the models four domains.



individual - self
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group- population












Even in instances of riot and anarchy there will be pockets of 'order', but would you would want to take your chance of finding one? Amid talk of being in the wrong place, at wrong time; to what extent is this dependent upon who we associate with socially? Or, what we believe is the political course we might, should, will, must follow?

The context of Prof. Land's slide is learning and decision making. As a 'political' matter when chaos occurs, how is it manifested in disintegration? Can we hear the 'gears grind'? What exactly goes awry? Is it the processes as in the timing, leadership and with it responsibility?

The slide is powerful in giving support, to clinical decision-making as a context in which complex decision making is very common and simultaneously encompasses political, rationale and judgemental (ethical) forms of decision making.

Hodges' model can also facilitate recognition of differentiation between relational chaos and the explicit state of decision-making. For example, a healthcare practitioner and client/patient/carer may have achieved empathy and rapport, but the complex demands of the clinical decision still presents a great deal of uncertainty. Alternately in instances when the relationship is being forged then the communications: verbal and non-verbal (and a function of the clinical team) can be a confounding factor if not negotiated professionally (and in socially acceptable terms by members of the public). Another useful perspective is Personal and Public Involvement (PPI) at what point is this achieved? What are the thresholds in the public's learning, as they engage and are engaged if they are not to label the initiative as a checkbox exercise? Again Hodges' model can help us to reflect upon the scope and complexity of such situations.


AI, artificial intelligence was mentioned (I'm sure?) in the presentation and the benefits of AI in healthcare are already being realised. This is tempered with the requirement for AI systems to be able to explain their 'reasoning', rather than this be taken at face value. As AI takes on tasks that include initial automated screening of job applications that include videos then another dimension of learning is presented to students.

Health and justice is by default complex. Consider, the task of being seen by society that justice is duly served and doing so with a duty of care and welfare of the prisoners. To this, we can add the aspiration of custody being rehabilitative. For a prisoner, even on remand, there will be times when health needs and patiency must be recognised. When a long-term prisoner becomes chronically ill, this can present a major challenge to law-makers, prisoners, their families, the healthcare team and society.

individual - self
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group- population

Identity (use of name, touch ...)
(My) PURPOSE
Beliefs, Personal values
 Safety (personal) Thresholds
Trigger warning
Critical - critique 
not taking it personally


PROCESS
[Space] - physical &
degrees of freedom in decision making
constraints
Rationale*
Evidence
Theory
Quantitative Research


Qualitative Research


Patient : Healthcare practitioner
decision making
 PRACTICE
Critical - agreeing to disagree

Schism - 'distance'

Consensus (bridge building)
 Autonomy (in decision making)
Administration / Bureaucracy
Professionalism
Anti- 'X' movements
Riot and anarchy
safety (POLICY)
Critical - political




*While placed within the sciences domain, 'rationale' can be evidenced physically, psychologically,  politically and socially.  It is this that forces us to acknowledge the several edges of chaos.

See also:
Inaugural Scottish Threshold Concepts Conference: TCs in Action [i]


Images:
http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~kjerland/Lorenz/lorenz_attractor.html

https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3774260/comments
(Original image)