London Arts and Health
and The Culture Health and Wellbeing Alliance
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'4. RACIST VALUES EMBEDDED IN "AI"
Racial prejudices have been found embedded in "AI" and algorithmic systems, including carceral systems which use surveillance techniques, facial recognition, and predictive metric to determine policing tactics, sentencing, and punishments. In 2018, demonstration of a Amazon`s Rekognition facial imaging system made false identification matches to 28 different congresspersons, linking their images to pictures found in mugshot databases (Snow 2018). This outcome is entirely explicable. First, digital cameras and imaging systems see Black and brown faces - and particularly the faces of Black and brown women - less well (Buolamwini and Gebru, 2018). Next, most existing facial recognition systems are trained on mugshot databases. Third, as Black people are over-policed, with many young Black men being spuriously said to have "Fit the Description," the mugshots of Black people are entered into police databases at a disproportionate rate. Then, those databases are used to train algorithmic surveillance systems on how to search for "predictors of criminality." We have even taught these systems to search for particular skin tones (Joseph and Lipp, 2018).' p.248.
FIT the DESCRIPTION? | FIT the DESCRIPTION? |
FIT the DESCRIPTION? | FIT the DESCRIPTION? |
The group said it is calling for “positive change” to alter a system within which it said black people are being failed when they at their most vulnerable.
The coalition – which includes the Black Minds Matter charity, the Centre for Mental Health and Mind as well as smaller grass-roots organisations – has launched what it called the Black Mental Health Manifesto."
Mental Health / Illness - Parity of Esteem Holistic: Assessment, Planning, Intervention, Evaluation - Competency? Diagnosis of Psychoses | Physical health change/revision - WHEN? Objectivity of assessment / Cultural literacy |
Black communities and Families Culture, History Radical future? Stigma, Stereotype Social determinants | Racism. Economic, Political determinants Poverty, Housing insecurity Statistics - Admissions / Recourse to MHA Incarceration, Injustice Mental Health Law - Mental Health Act CHANGE/REVISION - when? Coalition |
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| Fig 1 Cascading effects of health inequality and discrimination manifest in the design and use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems [BMJ] |
Original graphic surgically re-rendered as per the knowledge (care) domains of Hodges' model:
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My source:
Does “#AI” stand for Augmenting Inequality in the era of Covid-19 healthcare? | via @bmj_latest https://t.co/P3zgVBeI4p
— Rob McCargow #MoveForJack (@RobMcCargow) March 16, 2021
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Gravells, A., Simpson, S. (2009) Equality and Diversity in the Lifelong Learning Sector, Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. pp.65-66.
See also:
Allport, Gordon (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, Mass. Addison-Wesley.
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PREJUDICE thoughts |
DISCRIMINATION actions |
| DISCRIMINATION actions |
DISCRIMINATION
actions |
IMPACT - it's not just a font.
Prejudice - beware amplification by the media
Gravells, A., Simpson, S. (2009) Equality and Diversity in the Lifelong Learning Sector, Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. p.50.
| Mind (My) Education [Student - Teacher] Individual Ideology Cognitive bias INDIVIDUAL RACISM reflection - cultural humility
SUBJECTIVE
Covert Racism(What information I choose to share/not share) Mental Health Nursing Mental Health Disparities Healthcare Disparities (lived individual experience micro-MACRO aggressions) Cognitive access, languages NURSING?: "Abstracting the individual from | Body COVID crisis Physical Health (General) Nursing Covert Racism Overt Racism Geography - Areas Population Ethnicity Physical environment Statistical evidence - BAME/BIPOC population
OBJECTIVE
RACE: Physical access - Health access ->BURDEN OF DISEASE 'Placement' variation in experiences. Race in the curriculum - jaundice, "The colour of my skin is..." The visibility of 'whiteness' ..." (Visibility of gender in research...)
Silence is NOT (Profiling:) Racial
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| the context of a racialised society through well-meaning attempts to individualise care must also be critiqued." "Nursing's ̳transcultural‘ or ̳multicultural‘ practices, where proficiency is measured by gaining more ― ethnocentric knowledge" Social Determinants of Health Socially determined health risks Covert Racism/subtle abuse (Information I don't read/hear of...) Overt Racism Interpersonal exchange: Outright abuse (criminal) Healthcare Disparities (as experienced collectively micro-MACRO aggressions) Sinophobic abuse of Asian/Chinese peoples Social isolation Social exclusion Social inclusion Social justice, fairness, equality, equity What does 'teamwork' really mean? Peer group (belonging)
STRUCTURAL
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neutral Violence
Education Inst.Diversity in Nurse Education Professors, Degree attainment ... Power: Faculty - Students - Race 'neoliberal discourse' Law & Order The 'Protected Characteristics' Codes of practice - Worldwide Institutional Ideology as 'sustained' in Org. Structures [policies, governance, audit, reporting] Covert Racism Overt Racism - Political Groups (even if banned) Employment - Short-list, Selection Tokenism Healthcare Disparities - measures - change? Visible BAME/BIPOC in Faculty "If you can‘t see one, you can‘t be one." #BlackLivesMatter curricula CHANGE championed by - Nursing and Midwifery leadership -
RACISM ............ "No SIIR!"
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SELF “In India, a man is not a scavenger because of his work. He is a scavenger because of his birth irrespective of the question whether he does scavenging or not.” – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar | WORLD other Three forms of manual scavenging: 1. removal of human excrement from public streets and dry latrines; 2. cleaning septic tanks; 3. cleaning gutters and sewers. Health risks & risk of death Reported: 1 death every 5 days Infectious diseases Respiratory diseases Musculo-skeletal Carbon monoxide and methane poisoning Safety, Protective equipment? |
OTHERS "Dalits of specific sub-caste and is an archetype of the oppressive legacy of the hierarchical Hindu varna system" | WORLD others International Labour Organisation The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act (1993) Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act (2013) International Dalit Solidarity Network National Safai Karmachari Commission Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |
| (Robinson Crusoe & Friday) #OscarsSoWhite Group Psychology Behavioural Economics | Queen of Katwe |
Johnson’s main source Perry (1970) is developmental in tracing a learner's journey from a dualist tendency, through to multiplistic and the third stage which is relativistic thinking. Having related dualistic thinking to Hodges' model, now it is the turn of the multiplistic.
Just as the axes of Hodges' model can be matched to dualistic thinking (followed by the domains), so the model's four care (or knowledge) domains immediately suggest multiple forms of explanation. Reasoning and reaching an understanding about something is what we usually think of as knowledge. The dualistic brought home the actuality of facts. The age of information technology provides a virtual ocean of facts, knowledge, data, information, wisdom. There is the buzz of the advertisers and social media and their influence on what we think and believe. Family, friends, community, culture all have their influence. We recognise the notion of common sense and tacit knowledge. When knowledge is viewed as content (and we avoid the key matter of access) this is a neutral position, but this neutrality changes irrevocably when context is introduced; when questions of ownership, disciplines and the knowledge of individual and community arise. Who knows? How is their knowledge demonstrated? Why should I/we listen to them? Staying with the political domain the further progression to relativistic thinking becomes apparent. There is the view of the doctor, nurse, social worker, allied health professional as an advocate who is not strictly independent and the representative who is.
As the term 'multiplistic' (and pluralistic) suggests the learner develops an appreciation that there is not necessarily a single answer but several. As Johnson (1994) notes, when an answer is provided, even if this is a voice of authority it is not necessarily correct. There is a distinction to be made between there being potentially many answers and many sources for answers.
The same properties attributed to knowledge objective and subjective (dualism in thought and action) also has a bearing here. From: The logic and evidence of a randomised controlled trial; To: the politics of dogma - “Well, this is the way we have always done it!” There are many types and degrees of quality attributed to knowledge. Debate is ongoing about the definition and meaning of bit, data, information, knowledge and wisdom. Is there a hierarchy there? Where would you put dualist and multiplistic thinking in this mix? Is that a valid question? No? Would you reconsider and proffer an answer if (and to follow) the wise amongst us are experts in relativistic thinking?
Bringing multiplistic thinking to a conclusion frequently and routinely demands a consensus being reached and teamwork. Multiplistic thinking and approaches (pluralism) also tends to throw light on constraints that dualistic views might ignore, or by definition have no need to take account of. So dualism can engender bias, even foster blatant prejudice, in comparison to the context of consensual management for example, which is invariably richer, open, continuous and requires self-awareness and awareness of the other. This is not a vote for consensus, to many it is a game and contention often remains.
Decision making as a process and the many ‘logics’ that people try to apply become evident and the varying quality of the same. Communities of practice have their own terminology. As a learner expands their vocabulary and acquires conceptual knowledge they are able to make the transition from novice, beginner ... to proficient learner (Benner, 1984). The aforementioned virtual realm can processes and produces terminologies of its own, so-called folksonomies. This is one of the multiplicities the learner must literally come to terms with. Hodges' model as a conceptual framework and one or more conceptual spaces is ideally suited to support this learning and learning to learn.
Johnson, D.D. (1994). Dualistic, Multiplistic, and Relativistic Thinking as it Relates to a Psychology Major. Honors Theses. Paper 202.
http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses/202/
Perry, W. G. (1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing practice. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley, pp. 13-34.
Thinking checks and balances [I]
Dualistic- thinking checks and balances [II]
Dualistic- thinking checks and balances [III] (or: The-hyphen)
See also:
Jones, P. (1996) Humans, Information, and Science, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(3),591-598.
Although it's a while since I ran around the school playground, mentally for the sake of my well-being, creativity and general zip-n-zest; I like to think that I'm still there (minus - knees plaster clad, nose running, sleeves flowing....).
Now, it's just that the playground is a tad bigger.
As an adult thinking about the banter and slang terms banded about back then the differences and connections between adult-childhood worlds become quite stark and makes you wonder - where does stigma begin?
When I first came across BonkersFest this year I thought "they can't call it that - can they...?"
Well they obviously did. In doing so this year and with plans for 2008 the participants, organisers and sponsors are addressing the question (issue!) of stigma around mental health and disability head-on.
BonkersFest, the ongoing attention of the BBC, the Independent newspaper campaign and efforts of others in the media are still much needed.
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| Brian E. Hodges - c/o Brian's family. |
Born in Liverpool, NW England, UK.
Community Mental Health Nurse NHS, Part-time Lecturer,
Researcher Nursing & Technology Enhanced Learning
Registered Nurse - Mental Health & General
Community Psychiatric Nursing (Cert.) MMU
PG Cert. Ed.
BA(Joint Hons.) Computing and Philosophy - BIHE - Bolton
PG(Dip.) Collaboration on Psychosocial Education [COPE] Univ. Man.
MRES. e-Research and Technology Enhanced Learning, Lancaster Univ.
Live and work in NW England - seeking a global perspective.
The views expressed on W2tQ are entirely my own, unless stated otherwise.
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h2cmng AT yahoo.co.uk
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