Single, dual aspect in architecture. What of care?

'The challenge of overheating in Britain is our buildings are built to retain heat in our temperate climate. Energy efficiency regulations for new dwellings now require high insulation and few drafts to reduce the need for heating in winter, but broadly make it harder to cool homes in summer. Residents of cities are particularly vulnerable to overheating due to urban heat island effects.

There are two ways buildings can be cooled – mechanical methods (primarily air conditioning) and passive cooling methods that use the design of the building to limit heat gain and retain cooler air inside the dwelling.

Passive cooling is much easier in dual-aspect dwellings with windows on multiple external facades, which as shown in Figure 1, are contrasted to single-aspect flats that face out on to only one external facade. Dual aspect allows breezes to blow through dwellings and easily exchange stuffy indoors air for cooler air from the outdoors. Even if outside temperatures are high, cross-ventilation or overnight air exchange and limits to solar gain (daylight indoors) can keep indoor environments cooler than the outdoors.'

https://www.centreforcities.org/reader/breaking-the-bottlenecks/overheating-and-dual-aspect/

individual

|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic -------------------------------------------  mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

|

group-population

	Single and dual aspect flats

In Hodges' model at least, we seem to have dual aspect covered. 

That's why we say the model is situated.

Image source: https://www.centreforcities.org/reader/breaking-the-bottlenecks/overheating-and-dual-aspect/

My source:  Plimmer, G., Pickard, J., Steinberg, J., London planning rules face tweak in bid to build more homes. FTWeekend. 18/19 October 2025, p.2.

Previously on W2tQ: 'architecture' : 'situated' : 'housing'

Books: Psychiatry and Technology - Phillips, ed. (2008)

Despite the necessity of new (inc. secondhand when possible) titles, the overall push is to reduce the shelf and box count. This means that:

Phillips, James (ed.) (2008). Philosophical Perspectives on Technology and Psychiatry. Oxford University Press.

- will soon have a new home. Before that another look to support the effort here:

"It hardly needs stating that treatment algorithms, the evidence-based approach, and treatment manuals are useful tools in psychiatric practice. What issue is then being addressed in referring to them as examples of technical reason? The issue is that they, and other examples of the technical approach, can at their worst turn psychiatric treatment (or medical treatment for that matter) into a mechanical procedure. The patient becomes an instance of a diagnostic category, and the treater becomes a generic treater. Follow the technicized approach too literally, and one schizophrenic becomes interchangeable with the next, and one psychiatrist with another. In this situation of the fungible patient and the fungible treater, the individuality of both is lost, and the need for individual judgement on the part of the psychiatrist is rendered obsolete." p.9. Introduction.

Hodges' Health Career - Care Domains - Model
Axes and Care (knowledge) Domains

"Qualified users [of technology] have a professional responsibility to be reflective users. They should be 'thinkers'. Reflective use means being able to step back and become more conscious of one's professional activity." p.46. Chapter 2 Examples from Psychiatry.

"A concern for objective truth is at the heart of the scientific enterprise. An unfortunate consequence of the rigid dichotomies associated with a scientistic epistemology is that objective truth is defined in opposition to subjective values. The result is the 'Either/Or' thinking characteristic of the 'science wars' where science is either reduced to a relativistic exercise of political power or characterized as a value-neutral exercise progressing in an inevitable fashion determined solely by the facts." p.120. Chapter 6 Rational Argumentation.

Is there an implicit theory in Hodges' model? ii

Is there an implicit theory in Hodges' model?

— Peter Jones (@h2cm) October 4, 2022

More to follow, including what is proving a real yet enjoyable challenge.

Seeds in 'architecture' i

For many years I've held a copy of:

Younés, Samir. “Constructing Architectural Theory.” Philosophy 78, no. 304 (2003): 233–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3752046.

Previously, missing a few (photocopied) pages, the paper is now complete as I continue to sort and clear 'stuff'.

Recto: The heart compared to a seed.
Verso: The vessels of liver, spleen
and kidneys c.1508

There is something dynamic, literally world-defining* in architecture, a view that has influenced my thoughts about Hodges' model, and it appears other disciplines.

The source lost, I recall reading somewhere about a trend of  'architecture' being added to titles and disciplines. It may have been in an information technology, programming source, but I'm not sure. The point made, was that when this is the case the result is NOT architecture. If you have a source for such ideas I would love to hear from you.

This statement probably stood out, because I'm guilty too:

'architect-ure' - care architecture, care design ...

Buildings are fascinating, sometimes as important as the art inside, getting from side A to B and so on. If properly curated though the building shouldn't overwhelm the work inside? While I love the arts, drawing and painting, Leonardo's technical work is awesome, as witnessed in Oxford and London, I was never keen on 'technical drawing' at school. It's not in my nature to blame the teacher, but - for once - I was a runner not a footballer. In hindsight, the time was almost up on technical drawing as we were taught in the 1970s and Leonardo, well he is in another class.

In health and social care, we plan and plan again; and resort to design (case formulation) too.

So, models and frameworks - anyone..?

The axes of the model are like a mast.

The care (knowledge) domains - with their nebulous edges - are like sails.

The concepts (data, information, disinformation, uncertainty, null! ...)
caught in the domains are the wind that drives, disrupts, or in its absence bestills us.

The direction of travel the context, the situation - always adjusting.

And often subject to change, misdirection and correction.

ii Seeds in 'architecture'.

*A potential for good or ill.

The harmony of opposites: to relativize the continuous / discontinuous dualism by Michel Lussault

"If we accept a somewhat schematic presentation, we can estimate that the modern Western knowledge system has been deployed on the basis of opposition couples conceived as expressing unquestionable dualities. These couples organized thought, all its activities, under all its regimes including the knowledge of expertise and the knowledge of common sense, and they constituted a kind of cognitive dogmatics; That is to say, they made it possible to define the very relevance of the problems that could be posed. From these dualities, and for a long time from these dualities alone, it has been permitted and legitimate to pose a number of social, political and cultural problems and then to find ways of solving these problems. In view of our integration into the cultural space of the modern West, we all know and experience the prevalence of these antagonistic duos which have structured the thought and continue, albeit in a somewhat more discreet way, -tender." *

Google translation French to English from:

LUSSAULT, Michel. L’harmonie des contraires : pour relativiser le dualisme continu/discontinu In: Continu et discontinu dans l’espace géographique [online]. Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 2008 (generated 22 July 2017). Available on the Internet: <http://books.openedition.org/pufr/2398>. ISBN: 9782869063198. DOI: 10.4000/books.pufr.2398.

Original:

"On peut estimer, si l’on accepte une présentation un peu schématique, que le système de connaissance moderne occidental s’est déployé à partir du fondement constitué par des couples d’opposition conçus comme exprimant des dualités incontestables. Ces couples ont organisé la pensée, toutes ses activités, sous tous ses régimes y compris les savoirs d’expertise et les savoirs du sens commun, et ils ont constitué une sorte de dogmatique cognitive ; c’est-à-dire qu’ils ont permis de définir la pertinence même des problèmes qui pouvaient être posés. À partir de ces dualités, et pendant longtemps de ces dualités seulement, il a été autorisé et légitime de poser un certain nombre de problèmes sociaux, politiques, culturels et de trouver ensuite des modes de résolution de ces problèmes. Nous connaissons et éprouvons tous encore, compte tenu de notre insertion dans l’espace culturel de l’Occident moderne, la prégnance de ces duos antagonistes qui ont structuré la pensée et continuent, fût-ce de façon un peu plus discrète, de la sous-tendre."

* sous-tendre - 'to underlie it'?

Multiplistic- Thinking checks and balances [IV]

Johnson’s main source Perry (1970) is developmental in tracing a learner's journey from a dualist tendency, through to multiplistic and the third stage which is relativistic thinking. Having related dualistic thinking to Hodges' model, now it is the turn of the multiplistic.

Just as the axes of Hodges' model can be matched to dualistic thinking (followed by the domains), so the model's four care (or knowledge) domains immediately suggest multiple forms of explanation. Reasoning and reaching an understanding about something is what we usually think of as knowledge. The dualistic brought home the actuality of facts. The age of information technology provides a virtual ocean of facts, knowledge, data, information, wisdom. There is the buzz of the advertisers and social media and their influence on what we think and believe. Family, friends, community, culture all have their influence. We recognise the notion of common sense and tacit knowledge. When knowledge is viewed as content (and we avoid the key matter of access) this is a neutral position, but this neutrality changes irrevocably when context is introduced; when questions of ownership, disciplines and the knowledge of individual and community arise. Who knows? How is their knowledge demonstrated? Why should I/we listen to them? Staying with the political domain the further progression to relativistic thinking becomes apparent. There is the view of the doctor, nurse, social worker, allied health professional as an advocate who is not strictly independent and the representative who is.

As the term 'multiplistic' (and pluralistic) suggests the learner develops an appreciation that there is not necessarily a single answer but several. As Johnson (1994) notes, when an answer is provided, even if this is a voice of authority it is not necessarily correct. There is a distinction to be made between there being potentially many answers and many sources for answers.

The same properties attributed to knowledge objective and subjective (dualism in thought and action) also has a bearing here. From: The logic and evidence of a randomised controlled trial; To: the politics of dogma - “Well, this is the way we have always done it!” There are many types and degrees of quality attributed to knowledge. Debate is ongoing about the definition and meaning of bit, data, information, knowledge and wisdom. Is there a hierarchy there? Where would you put dualist and multiplistic thinking in this mix? Is that a valid question? No? Would you reconsider and proffer an answer if (and to follow) the wise amongst us are experts in relativistic thinking?

Bringing multiplistic thinking to a conclusion frequently and routinely demands a consensus being reached and teamwork. Multiplistic thinking and approaches (pluralism) also tends to throw light on constraints that dualistic views might ignore, or by definition have no need to take account of. So dualism can engender bias, even foster blatant prejudice, in comparison to the context of consensual management for example, which is invariably richer, open, continuous and requires self-awareness and awareness of the other. This is not a vote for consensus, to many it is a game and contention often remains.

Decision making as a process and the many ‘logics’ that people try to apply become evident and the varying quality of the same. Communities of practice have their own terminology. As a learner expands their vocabulary and acquires conceptual knowledge they are able to make the transition from novice, beginner ... to proficient learner (Benner, 1984). The aforementioned virtual realm can processes and produces terminologies of its own, so-called folksonomies. This is one of the multiplicities the learner must literally come to terms with. Hodges' model as a conceptual framework and one or more conceptual spaces is ideally suited to support this learning and learning to learn.

Johnson, D.D. (1994). Dualistic, Multiplistic, and Relativistic Thinking as it Relates to a Psychology Major. Honors Theses. Paper 202.
http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses/202/

Perry, W. G. (1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing practice. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley, pp. 13-34.

Thinking checks and balances [I]

Dualistic- thinking checks and balances [II]

Dualistic- thinking checks and balances [III] (or: The-hyphen)

See also:
Jones, P. (1996) Humans, Information, and Science, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(3),591-598.

Dualistic- thinking checks and balances [III] (or: The-hyphen)

While dualistic thinking is positive as a means to explain Hodges' model, if a form of thinking (reasoning as ego-defence) is relied upon to excess and not balanced by other evidence then this can contribute to psychological problems. As Johnson (1994) also indicates, the three forms of thinking we are discussing in this series of posts are progressive. Compared to dualistic, Johnson states that multiplistic and relativistic thinking represent a more complex level. Appreciating that there are other sources for answers, possibly more than one answer and a need to relate things together.

Dualistic thinking epitomizes the categorical invitation that Hodges' model affords. In its most primitive form it has to be ready to hand and with the mind in an instant it is: the duality of fight or flight. A reflex arc circumvents the dualistic in an effort of instant reduction to survival.

Of course, the model is not intended to encourage thinking in extremes, polarised and absolutist. This property*, however, affirms the model's potential as a health promoting, educational and self-care resource.

There is another form of dualism that is given to us by life not model. It is the dichotomous variety that often influences and shapes attitudes to others, discourse and debate within our many cultures, politics and religious affairs.

The additional set of axes related to disciplines, for example, psych-social - referred to in the previous post [II] tempers the risks above in two ways:

1. by virtue of the learner expanding their knowledge and hence the number of concepts they understand and in-form their community of practice.
2. there is a space between the disciplines and concepts that might further support the structure, content and utility of Hodges' model.

The space lies in the '-', the hyphen, which can represent a middle ground (Assad, 1999). The axes of Hodges' model could be said to present a continuous hyphen. A cognitive pause (check): a token to collect as we reflect, especially if we cross disciplinary thresholds consciously or unconsciously. This can counter the aforementioned excesses of dualistic thinking with the addition of assessment and supervision.

I started these posts with what Hodges' model declares from the outset. This is the model's structure, the configuration of the axes the appearance of the (empty) quadrants. But as experience is gathered so the axes fade into the distance. They become grey and blue as in a background, a template we start to take for granted and work around, with and within. Content in the form of concepts and associated meaning can then populate the foreground that holds the promise of becoming increasingly more integrated which is stimulated by a shift from dualistic thinking to more pluralistic thought.

Assad, M.L. (1999). Reading with Michel Serres: An Encounter with Time. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Johnson, D.D. (1994) Dualistic, Multiplistic, and Relativistic Thinking as it Relates to a Psychology Major. Honors Theses. Paper 202.
http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses/202/

*There are many tools that permit us to compare another duality: the binary. The presence or absence of phenomena, for example, a bone injury, or a new star, comet or asteroid.

See previous posts: Michel Serres

See also bibliography item:

Jones, P. (2008) Exploring Serres’ Atlas, Hodges’ Knowledge Domains and the Fusion of Informatics and Cultural Horizons, IN Kidd, T., Chen, I. (Eds.) Social Information Technology Connecting Society and Cultural Issues, Idea Group Publishing, Inc. Chap. 7, pp. 96-109.

Dualistic- thinking checks and balances [II]

Continuing from Thinking checks and balances [I] how can Hodges' model help us understand and provide ready access to three forms of thought: these being -

1. Dualist
2. Multiplistic
3. and Relativistic thinking?

To recap, resort to dualist thinking might be a pathway to evidence for Hodges' model building the case for the model in education, healthcare theory, practice and policy making ... Taking each form of thinking in turn, dualist thinking in Hodges' model can be identified in six ways. Before discussing these, there are some general observations to make.

The axes provide an initial compass for differentiation.

The model is first situated (as per B.E. Hodges).

Situation precedes person but should not subvert the latter when the model is applied.

Upon arrival in any context it is what we draw in the sand.

The most obvious influence on thinking is in what the model gives to us through its structure - the two axes. Firstly, the individual - group axis can stand for the many variations of self and other: from patient - health care team; patient - family; citizen - civil society; person - friends (work colleagues); child - parents (or guardian - a status vested legally by others); clinical case - demographic (world) population. This might be considered a compound view, potentially incorporating scope and roles (as per the context).

Secondly, the individual aspect of the vertical axis also serves the reductive requirement of movement between many-one. Reductivism is a fundamental approach in scientific enquiry and quantitative research. There is in the above the reduction to the individual in the intra- interpersonal domain. Reductive descriptions and phenomena from the sciences can then be ascribed to the individual as per the conceptual content of the sciences domain.

The third factor is derived from the first and is evolutionary and developmental. It has a certain irony in also being a child's developmental milestone - the so-called 'terrible twos'. Whatever age an infant starts to assert their independence, establishing, coming to terms with their difference from the adult figures in their lives - this is a pivotal moment. As they set out to become them-selves, we can say that developmentally they, this nascent individual is drawn out of this particular axis. The axis is first of all then not dualist. The self is always a product of the group (even if the latter is absent). The individual, the self emerges from the other. This is an extended dynamic action, through our first 2-3 years. Self flows from otherness.

Illness, disease disruptions what should be the expected relation, crises whether of temperature or emotion places self-other in contention on a temporary or more permanent basis. The ‘health career’ in the full title of Hodges’ model is also pertinent, as this refers to life chances and the life course.

Perhaps, to borrow a term from genetics / chemistry the vertical axis represents a bivalent quality? The vertical axis has that telescopic property. The vertical axis is reflective the individual sees the group; the group sees the individual. Even as we contemplate the patient in person-centred care, what, who are we - the observers?

The fourth cognitive prompt utilises the model's horizontal axis which spans dualist thinking defined by the categories of humanistic and mechanistic. This can also be viewed as human - machine. This axis also gives an indication for the final, fourth type of dualistic thought. Since the 1960s this axis can also be described as the social - technical, or socio-technical (Baxter and Sommerville, 2011). The notion of machine logic then suggests objectivity and the contrast with subjective types of knowledge. This is a fundamental dualism that is debated by philosophers.

The fifth type a dualistic thinking could be described as replacing the axes above and inviting a free-for-all. Is this where creativity and innovation lie? Does this dualistic form open up conceptual probes and avenues to insight (association and relation)? There are a great many dualities, dichotomies, polarities that can (literally) be shot through the model. Through the centre, between adjacent care domains, within domains: consider, for example; demand-supply, mind-body, public sector-private sector-third sector and voluntary admission-sectioned.

Finally and sixth there is a translation, a progression from the axial duality to the epistemological background of the care domains. This can be constructed from the founding (root) disciplines of Hodges' model:

• Psycho-Social
• Psycho-Somatic
• Physico-Political
• Socio-Political

Superimposed on Hodges' model there is then another set of axes. This could be a means to explain Hodges' model. These trace out the domains of Hodges' model. Is this self-referential quality a coincidence or evidential towards making the case for Hodges' model? These axes act as either, or both a bridge and a brace. Since structure is all about geometry we can close at this point by noting that the strength of the triangle. In Hodges' model there are several diametrical dualities (oppositions), for example:

medicine - society*

individual - political involvement

a society's engagement in - the sciences

individual (demand) Political - health services (supply)

the individual who is mentally ill and the State, Mental Health Act legislation

As we see in this post in addressing dualities Hodges' model is concerned with DISCIP-LINES.

*Medicine and society represent a duality and an established discipline in medical sociology? Socio-technical is not a discipline in this sense and might provide a theoretical contrast - marker?

(The above and posts to follow are a work in progress and will form a larger - referenced - whole in terms of studies.)

Baxter, G. Sommerville, I. (2011) Socio-technical systems: From design methods to systems engineering. Interacting with Computers, 23 (1): 4-17 doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2010.07.003
http://iwc.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/4.full

Thinking checks and balances [I]

Following on from last month's -

Newton and Einstein had it right - Reflection in H2CM

- this is the first of several posts on learners, their career (and yours as a lifelong learner), reflection, thinking and researching Hodges' model.

In several papers on Hodges’ model and in numerous blog posts I’ve made many claims about the scope, versatility, potential utility and power of the model as a tool for reflection, assuring reflective practice, bridging the theory-practice gap, and supporting person centred and integrated care.

This is quite a claim, especially using words like scope, versatility, potential utility and power. Without evidence these words are not so much virtual as vapour – nebulous in terms of what they really mean.

What (I believe) Hodges’ model does provide simultaneously through its combined structure and care (knowledge) domains is ready cognitive access to three forms of thought:

1. Dualist
2. Multiplistic
3. and Relativistic Thinking

Johnson and the sources cited describe a developmental pathway for learners through 1-3.

If I or other interested parties could demonstrate that Hodges’ model does encompass all three that would be progress.

As many previous posts reveal this trinity isn't the only idea to support the model. Amid the many ongoing questions is balance and clearly the conventional view of balance is not sufficient for learners in the 21st century.

Tomorrow some thoughts about dualistic thinking and Hodges' model.

Johnson, D.D. (1994) Dualistic, Multiplistic, and Relativistic Thinking as it Relates to a Psychology Major. Honors Theses. Paper 202. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses/202/

Newton and Einstein had it right - Reflection in H2CM

In the New Year I've a series of posts that almost seemed to write themselves after reading:

Johnson, D.D. (1994) Dualistic, Multiplistic, and Relativistic Thinking as it Relates to a Psychology Major. Honors Theses. Paper 202. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses/202/

What (I believe) Hodges’ model does provide through its combined structure and care (knowledge) domains is ready cognitive access to three forms of thought as discussed by Johnson:

1. Dualist
2. Multiplistic
3. and Relativistic Thinking

In selected papers within the bibliography and here on W2tQ since 2006 I've made many claims about Hodges' model. The old website (defunct) introduced Hodges' model from the standpoints of patient (intra- interpersonal); carer (sociology); student - life long learner (sciences); lecturer, institution (political - did I mention 'citizen' in there?).

Johnson has provided a fresh impetus to consider the model anew and with it threshold concepts and other ideas. In the posts to follow there are for example at least four ways in which Hodges' model supports dualist thinking and (importantly) mitigates against its possible excesses.