Hodges' Model: Welcome to the QUAD: principles

Hodges' model is a conceptual framework to support reflection and critical thinking. Situated, the model can help integrate all disciplines (academic and professional). Amid news items, are posts that illustrate the scope and application of the model. A bibliography and A4 template are provided in the sidebar. Welcome to the QUAD ...

Showing posts with label principles. Show all posts
Showing posts with label principles. Show all posts

Sunday, April 26, 2026

Invite to an In-person Interactive Workshop to Advance Action on SDoH [Geneva]

Advancing the Social Determinants of Health during the World Health Assembly

Dear Colleague

Is it possible to share in HIFA Network the following announcement?

Thanks a lot for your precious help

Dr Eric Comte Director of the Geneva Health Forum https://genevahealthforum.com

HIFA profile: Eric Comte is Executive Director, Geneva Health Forum, External Affairs Directorate, Geneva University Hospitals. eric.comte AT unige.ch

Bonjour,

We are pleased to invite you to take part in an interactive workshop dedicated to advancing action on the social determinants of health.

Forty years after the Ottawa Charter, there is broad consensus on the importance of health promotion and the determinants of health. Yet, translating this knowledge into effective policies and concrete action remains a major challenge. In a context marked by climate change, growing inequalities, rapid urbanisation and geopolitical instability, the need for more integrated, preventive and equity-oriented approaches has never been greater.

Building on this observation, this session will bring together, NGO, practitioners, policymakers and experts to move beyond general principles and focus on what really enables implementation in practice. Through the exchange of real-world experiences and case studies, participants will collectively identify actionable lessons, key barriers, and practical ways forward.

The expected outcome is a set of clear, operational messages to strengthen collaboration across sectors and support the implementation of strategies addressing the social determinants of health in diverse contexts. The session will also provide an opportunity to identify concrete avenues for further work, including potential projects that the Geneva Health Forum could support.

The workshop will take place on Tuesday 19 May from 9.00 to 12.30 at Campus Biotech in Geneva.

We would be delighted to count on your participation and active contribution to this important discussion.

👉 More information and registration on the link : https://worldhealthassembly2026.genevahealthforum.com/rethinking-determinants-of-health-in-todays-global-context-from-knowledge-to-action/

Space is limited, so only register if you really want to attend.

Registration is free but required so we can print badges and organize the workshop.

Link with the World Health Assembly discussions

This workshop is directly aligned with the strategic discussions taking place at the World Health Assembly, particularly in relation to document EB158/27 on well-being and health promotion. This report highlights the growing recognition of health promotion and the social determinants of health as essential pillars of public health, while also emphasizing the persistent gaps in implementation and the need to strengthen multisectoral action, governance, and measurable impact.

In particular, it calls for better integration of health promotion across the full continuum of policies and systems, stronger cross-sector collaboration, and a renewed focus on addressing structural determinants of health, including through more effective implementation mechanisms and improved coordination across actors.

Our session contributes to this agenda by focusing on practical experiences and implementation challenges, with the aim of identifying concrete, actionable lessons that can help accelerate the translation of global commitments into real-world action. In doing so, it also seeks to feed into ongoing reflections at the global level and to support more effective implementation of the priorities discussed at the World Health Assembly.

You are receiving this message because you are a member of the community HIFA - Healthcare Information For All.

View this contribution on the web site

Wednesday, January 14, 2026

Webinar “From Global to Local: Enhancing the UK Healthcare System with Lessons from CEI in LMICs” 10 February, 3–4PM (GMT)

The NIHR Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) team are pleased to invite you to our fourth webinar in the PPIE/CEI Bidirectional Learning Series “From Global to Local: Enhancing the UK Healthcare System with Lessons from CEI in LMICs”.

Date: 10th February 2026

Time: 3.00–4.00 PM GMT, London UK (Online via zoom)

Join us to explore how Community Engagement and Involvement (CEI) approaches developed in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are actively shaping health research and service delivery in the UK. This session will demonstrate how global CEI principles —collaboration, equity, and shared learning - can be translated into local action to build trust and create more responsive healthcare systems.

What you will hear about:

- Global to local CEI strategies: Insights into how CEI strategies from LMICs can be used to strengthen community relationships and healthcare practice in the UK. 
- Driving Innovation through Reciprocity: Discover how a "virtuous circle of learning" between global and local systems enriches inclusion and equity. 
- Translate Insight into Action: Practical examples and expert perspectives on turning global health CEI approaches into practical, equitable healthcare solutions within the NHS.
Speakers include: - Farrah Lunat (Research Operations Manager at Lancashire & South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust and Joint Lead Author of the NIHR ROSHNI-2 study) - Professor Nusrat Husain (Professor of Psychiatry and Director of Global Health at the University of Manchester and NIHR Senior Investigator) - Dr. Matthew Harris (Clinical Senior Lecturer in Public Health at Imperial College London and Honorary Consultant in Public Health Medicine)

Submit your questions & register via Eventbrite: 

https://www.eventbrite.com/e/from-global-to-local-cei-lessons-from-lmics-enhancing-the-uk-healthsystem-tickets-1976864265233?aff=oddtdtcreator

Sarah Betts

*Programme Manager (PPIE)* | NIHR Coordinating Centre

My source: HIFA

Monday, July 14, 2025

Reflective equilibrium and equipoise

I can't believe, or don't want to, that it's nearly 15 years since I posted - 

h2cm and clinical equipoise in 2010. 

The post didn't try to be 'technical', but perhaps demonstrates the journey here.

In a post to follow, in London 4-7th July I came across a book by Edouard Machery and upon return up north, found a paper which refers to reflective equilibrium. This, one again technical or not, is a purpose of Hodges' model.

Machery, Edouard, Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds (Oxford, 2017; online edn, Oxford Academic, 24 Aug. 2017), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807520.001.0001, accessed 24 June 2025.

Reflective equilibrium has an entry in the The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:

'If you believe that conduct in some case is right or wrong, you have a moral judgment or intuition. Perhaps you have many such judgments about different cases. You might, nevertheless, consider that judgments alone do not justify the moral views they express. You and your moral interlocutors might be concerned that “what we actually accept is fraught with idiosyncrasy and vulnerable to vagaries of history and personality” (Elgin 1996: 108) or displays “irregularities and distortions” (Rawls 1971: 48).

John Rawls proposed to address these concerns through the method of reflective equilibrium.We first ensure that our judgments are considered, being made in circumstances appropriate for moral deliberation. We are then to consider general principles that might accommodate our set of considered judgments—and more than that, explain and extend them. On the standard wide reflective equilibrium, we are to consider

all possible descriptions to which one might plausibly conform one’s judgments together with all relevant philosophical arguments for them. (Rawls 1971: 49)

This requires that we reflect on a wide range of principles, arguments, and theories. Equilibrium is reached where principles and judgments have been revised such that they agree with each other. In short, the method of reflective equilibrium is the mutual adjustment of principles and judgments in the light of relevant argument and theory.'

The encyclopaedia entry is informative for studies here. I will revisit clinical equipoise in the near future; and bring in the idea of 'holistic bandwidth'.

Knight, Carl, "Reflective Equilibrium", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2025 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2025/entries/reflective-equilibrium/>.

Rawls, John, 1971, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Saturday, July 05, 2025

'Axiomatic' - according to Simondon

Glossary:

Fifty Key Terms in the Works of Gilbert Simondon, pp.203-231.
Jean-Hugues Barthélémy, translated by Arne De Boever. 
In. De Boever A, Murray A, Roffe J, eds. Gilbert Simondon: Being and Technology. Edinburgh University Press; 2012.
'Axiomatic
In Simondon, this notion does not designate a formal system as in the case of logico-mathematical axiomatics, but simply a set of principles, or first propositions, that enable the linking fundamental concepts. It is in this sense that Simondon, in IPC in general and more specifically in FIP, struggles to work out a 'common axiomatic' (FIP, in IPC 35 or ILFI 533) for the human sciences - which enables the unification of psychology and sociology.' p.208.

 

Simondon holds hope for me (I think) in terms of the extent of formality I (and others) might seek for Hodges' model. Is there a set of principles - and simple at that? The structure of Hodges' model 'places' the knowledge (care) domains of psychology (intrapersonal & interpersonal) and sociology next to each other, as if to encourage unification. The bridge: psycho-social and a great many others, are there, to take walk and reflect on what we find there. If we choose to. ...

I'll check on the abbreviations. 

FIP : « Forme, information, potentiel » (conférence datant de 1960, ajoutée par l’éditeur), in Simondon, ILFI et IPC (voir ci-dessous).

ILFI : L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information, Grenoble, Éditions Jérôme Millon, 2005 (Thèse principale de Simondon pour le Doctorat d’État, écrite de 1954 à 1958). 

IPC : L’individuation psychique et collective, Paris, Aubier, 1989 et 2007 (cet ouvrage contient le dernier tiers d’ILFI, ainsi que son Introduction et sa Conclusion).

https://journals.openedition.org/appareil/2253

Friday, May 09, 2025

UK Evening Symposium: Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining - May 14th 2025

 UK Symposium on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 2025

Wednesday May 14th 2025 from 6 p.m. to 7.30 p.m.

Location

This will be a virtual event using the Zoom video-conferencing platform. 

Outline Programme

6.00 p.m. (UK time): 'Arrival' and Introduction

Chair: Prof. Max Bramer (SGAI)

6.10 p.m. to 6.40 p.m.

Prof. Dr. Anna Fensel (Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Wageningen University, The Netherlands) BIO

Knowledge graphs, FAIR principles and generative AI for scientific discoveries in agri-food

6.40 p.m. to 6.50 p.m. Discussion and Questions

6.50 p.m. to 7.20 p.m.

Dr. Anelia Kurteva (Assistant Professor of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK) BIO

Responsible AI through responsible data management and governance enabled by knowledge graphs

7.20 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. Discussion and Questions

7.30 p.m. Close


Please see links, e.g. 'programme' at: http://ukkdd.org.uk/2025/

My source: BCS-SGAI list

Thursday, October 26, 2023

Developing NIHR guiding principles for Community Engagement and Involvement - have your say!

Dear HIFA colleagues,

Today we launch a public consultation on our guiding principles for community engagement and involvement in health research (CEI). We are aiming to build consensus by seeking feedback on the principles, their descriptions and how they could be implemented in diverse local contexts.

Here's the link to the survey: - now closed.

It should take around 15 - 20 minutes to complete, and it closes on 1 December.

The survey is open to everyone with an interest in CEI, and all HIFA members are welcome to participate. Please do share widely with colleagues, networks, and friends. If you have any questions, email ceiglobalhealth AT nihr.ac.uk.




** Rationale and more detail:

The NIHR expects Community Engagement and Involvement (CEI) to be integrated in the full spectrum of the research it supports. NIHR has both a vision and goals for CEI. However, we wanted to bring together wider work on the foundations of good CEI in research and present these key attributes in an accessible way. These new guiding principles aim to help clarify the expectations of CEI by: - providing stronger guidance for the global health research community in developing CEI plans that are robust, appropriate, and effective for both the local context and for the study design. - being useful to research funding committee members, providing them with a framework and criteria to carry out more robust assessments of research proposals.

The principles are not a set of rules but more conceptual and will be realised in practice in many ways, reflecting the huge contextual variation in global health research.

To date, we have carried out a rapid scoping review of literature, which, along with previous development work, aimed to identify CEI principles related to how researchers and communities interact within the global health research context. Earlier feedback on the emerging principles was sought from a group of CEI Leads across NIHR awards and from an independent group of CEI experts formed to advise on the work.

**

Best regards, Patrick Patrick Wilson Head of Global Health Communications & Stakeholder Engagement National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)  📨 patrick.wilson AT nihr.ac.uk🌐 www.nihr.ac.uk/globalhealth Subscribe to our NIHR Global Health Research monthly newsletter 📝 https://www.nihr.ac.uk/about-us/stay-up-to-date.htm#six

HIFA profile: Patrick Wilson is Head of Global Health Communications & Stakeholder Engagement at the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), UK . Professional interest: Global health research. @NIHRglobal 

My source: HIFA

Wednesday, November 25, 2020

Book launch: Foundations of Global Health & Human Rights (OUP, 2020)

 On Tuesday, 24 November 2020, 14:05:39 GMT, Benjamin Meier <benjaminmasonmeier AT gmail.com> wrote:


We hope that you will join us on Human Rights Day for the launch of:

Foundations of Global Health & Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2020)

Thursday, December 10th

9:00 - 10:30 EST

Register on Zoom (https://zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_Ti7k95HbTl2qPbvWBWdzRw)

This foundational text seeks to provide a systematic understanding of the evolving relationship between global health and human rights, laying a human rights foundation for the advancement of transformative health policies, programs, and practices.

Bringing together the WHO Director-General and leading academics in the field of health & human rights, this book launch will:

(1) explain the norms and principles that define the field,
(2) examine the methods and tools for implementing human rights to promote health,
(3) apply essential human rights to leading public health threats, and
(4) analyze rising human rights challenges in a rapidly globalizing world.

We look to this textbook in providing a foundation for public health students, and as we respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, we see this book as more necessary than ever before — preparing the next generation for the global health and human rights challenges ahead. This foundational text shows why interdisciplinary scholarship and action are essential for advancing health-related human rights, placing human rights at the center of public health and securing a future of global health with justice. We hope you will join us for this book launch, drawing on this foundational text in your teaching, research, and advocacy in the years to come.

Human Rights in Global Health: Rights-Based Governance for a Globalizing World (2018)
available from Oxford University Press

Foundations of Global Health & Human Rights (2020)
available from Oxford University Press

Benjamin Mason Meier, JD, LLM, PhD
Associate Professor of Global Health Policy
Department of Public Policy
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
bmeier AT unc.edu
https://www.benjaminmasonmeier.com/
Twitter @BenjaminMMeier
 
<>
 
My review will follow 2021 ...
 individual 
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group



Foundations of Global Health & Human Rights

 

My source:

The Spirit of 1848 - A Network Linking Politics, Passion, & Public Health 


Monday, January 05, 2015

Book review: Quinn's Principles and Practice of Nurse Education [ 6th Edition ]

I owned the 3rd edition of this book and approached the publisher for a copy of the most recent, which is gratefully received. This review is quite delayed in fact, I've a few other reviews to get on with too.

From the outset while a book on nurse education, the text serves general students and practitioners in education in parts one and two. I completed my PG Cert almost twenty years ago and this book would be an asset to current students (see the content listing for parts 1-2 below). There are many technical concepts within what is a comprehensive text; for example, there are 54 index entries related to 'assessment'.

Much of the book's value is accentuated for readers here in the UK. Here is an established and high quality textbook that provides a UK perspective. As a 7th edition the references for each chapter are expansive taking in key historical sources and more recent publications. There are many illustrations in the form of flowcharts and figures. Following each chapters references, suggested further reading is provided. Review exercises at the end of chapters serve the added purpose of sign-posting content. The information architecture and design of the book makes for a logical, clear and readable experience. Even if the content were lacking, which it is not, the book is fairly substantial at 550 pages. The book is well produced, the paper quality (lending to the weight) and the binding works! Yes, the binding serves to secure the pages and works well when the book is opened flat. This is an obvious requirement and yet so frequently it is a struggle.

As to specifics: Parts 1 and 2 are a welcome refresh. The discussion on thinking and critical thinking are sufficiently detailed and of special interest (pp.58-66) to me. Intuition receives a 'nod' with a dedicated paragraph on p.66, sufficient no doubt to give our students a troubling 'prod' in their future and ongoing careers? I wonder if pages 51-59 might benefit from review and more references, acknowledging what is a well-executed historical account within part 1? An educational challenge I am pondering at present is that of values within nursing. How can we teach these (including the 6Cs)? Amongst what is new to the book is that it meets NMC standards. It would be easy to produce a list of omissions, but I would expect to see abuse, safeguarding, whistleblowing, and vulnerability in this book. How students encounter these concepts and subsequently learn about such sensitive topics must be critical to their insight (life experience to date), self-awareness and skills development. Reflection is very well represented throughout the parts of the book which encourages my efforts with Hodges' model.

I mentioned the book's relevance to current PG Cert Education students and must add that I have referenced the text in a paper for my current studies in technology enhanced learning. On this front the publishers clearly recognise the extended potential of additional e-learning services through CourseMate. An Instant Access Card accompanies the book. Part 4 extends this relevance to continuing professional development and lifelong learning. Chapter 11 is very helpful for its practical dimension, describing placement learning, link lecturers, mentoring and the challenge of the failing student. Sometimes ESOL - English for Speakers of Other Languages is a factor and 'language' could be noted more specifically. This is not a matter for student selection but should be ongoing and would also be addressed within the public (equality and diversity pp.129-134). In mental health I am acutely aware of the importance of communication skills. This comprehensive treatment includes supervision, sign-off mentoring, practice educators plus triennial review.

If I have a bad habit it's looking through the index of a book and asking: What might I expect to see here? The bad aspect is it's tantamount to reviewing by exclusion. And I'm already guilty too. The book fulfills its purpose and does not need to reflect the whole nursing curriculum. But... I would have hoped to see 'open source', Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS), the role of mobile e-learning, learning management systems - Blackboard is mentioned but not Moodle. Perhaps there are commercial considerations at work? 'Threshold levels' are mentioned but not 'threshold concepts'. This is understandable as we are only just on the cusp of a special interest group in health and social care (more on that to follow I hope). For those like myself who are on the service-practice side chapter 8 is insightful, on marking and providing student feedback beyond the student-mentor relationship. There is constructive support and encouragement for new lecturers and advice on quality and evaluation in higher education.

A year ago I reviewed an even larger textbook on Nursing Informatics, and in truth informatics still has a long way go to prove itself to most of the nurses I meet and work with. I keep doing the sales pitch and this includes acknowledging the student's awareness of coding and classification, or  pointing them (usually 1st and 2nd years) to this knowledge. Health Informatics is represented in the text and the glossary (pp.539-541). In terms of professional accountability it is vital that as nurses we are aware of what happens to the data we help to create. Students are also the researchers of tomorrow and as such they need to be aware of diagnostic schemas and ongoing issues in this area. It is true that this is the curriculum and yet the authors do right by including classification in the context of the library, and coding as in the types of fractures (figure 3.6, p.77); some mention of coding and classification within nursing and healthcare surely seems justified?

Nursing has struggled to make itself visible - for the right reasons for many years. As we look to our students to resolve this are they to rely upon some form of reverse-magic* alone? Despite this proverbial bee, I can highly recommend this book - it is a great resource.
1 Introduction: Nurse Education in the university and the clinical setting
PART ONE – THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
2 Adult learning theory
3 Perspectives on teaching and learning
PART TWO – LEARNING, TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT
4 Curriculum theory and practice
5 Planning for teaching
6 Teaching strategies
7 Assessment of learning
8 Student feedback / feed-forward
9 Teaching study skills
10 Evaluation
...

*It is of course customary to marvel at the visible becoming invisible.

HUGHES, S.J. & QUINN, F.M. (2013) Quinn's principles and practice of nurse education. 6th Edition. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage Learning.

I would like to extend my thanks to Mr Matthew Keown at Cengage for my copy of this book.
 

Wednesday, January 21, 2009

First NHS Constitution Launched

FIRST NHS CONSTITUTION LAUNCHED
An historic signing ceremony to mark the launch of the NHS Constitution for England took place at Downing Street today. The Constitution, the first of its kind in the world, was signed by Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Health Secretary Alan Johnson and NHS Chief Executive David Nicholson.
The Constitution will give power to patients and the public by bringing their existing rights together in one place so they know what they are legally entitled to – and how they can exercise their rights as well as understanding their responsibilities. It also contains a range of pledges to patients, public and staff, which the NHS is committed to achieving. For NHS staff, the Constitution will mean an NHS-wide commitment to equipping them with the tools, training and support they need to deliver high quality care for patients.
Lord Darzi’s review of the NHS, High Quality Care for All concluded last summer that there was a case for an NHS Constitution to enshrine the principles and values of the NHS in England. The landmark document will put in one place what patients, staff and the public can expect of the health service. It is designed to safeguard the future of the NHS and renew its core values, making sure it continues to be relevant to the needs of patients, the public and staff in the 21st century.
Health Secretary, Alan Johnson said:
“This is a momentous point in the history of the NHS. Following on from Lord Darzi’s Next Stage Review, the launch of the NHS Constitution shows how its founding principles still endure today and have resonance for staff, patients and public alike. It will ensure that we protect the NHS for generations to come.

“The content of the Constitution is based on discussions with thousands of NHS staff and patients across the country and will form the basis of a new relationship between staff and patients – a relationship based on partnership, respect and shared commitment where everyone knows what they can expect from the NHS and what is expected from them.”
The Constitution is the result of extensive consultation with staff and patients, which was led by strategic health authorities and overseen by independent experts on the Constitutional Advisory Forum (CAF). In response to the consultation and report published by the CAF, the final Constitution includes:
  • A right to makes choices about your care and to information to help exercise that choice;
  • A new legal right to receive the vaccinations that the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation recommends that you should receive under an NHS-provided national immunisation programme;
  • A right making explicit your entitlement to drugs and treatments that have been recommended by NICE for use in the NHS, if your doctor says they are clinically appropriate for you;
  • A right to expect local decisions on funding of other drugs and treatments to be made rationally following a proper consideration of the evidence;
  • Clear and comprehensive rights to complaint and redress.
David Nicholson, NHS Chief Executive said:
“Ara Darzi asked me in his interim report to lead a work programme exploring the merits of a Constitution for the NHS. This has been a fantastic opportunity to listen to what matters most to our patients, public and staff and to use this to set out clearly the values and purpose of the NHS system.
“It also pulls together in one place what the patients who use the NHS, the public who fund it and the staff who provide it, can expect to receive from the NHS, and the contribution they can make themselves.
“I’m proud to sign off the Constitution today and am sure that it will be a powerful driver of change in the system, and help us to deliver care fit for the 21st century.”
Professor Steve Field, Chairman of the Royal College of [General] Practitioners, said:
"By stating that patients have a responsibility to register with a GP practice, the NHS Constitution reinforces the central role of the GP and the importance of continuity of care in the NHS today and in the future.
"We become GPs because we want to help people improve the quality of their lives through better healthcare. GPs want to provide the solutions and lead improvements and innovations. Having the Constitution in place will help us improve standards and care for all our patients, whoever and wherever they are.
"The new NHS Constitution is something which all GPs, their practice teams and NHS staff can commit to and have confidence in. I'm convinced that it will be an important, defining point in the development of our NHS."
Sally Brearley, Chair of the Patients Forum said:
“The NHS Constitution is a very valuable re-affirmation of the principles and values of the NHS. I was delighted to be involved in the process of drawing it up. It demonstrates the commitment of Government to the NHS, and of the NHS to its patients. We know that the public supports the NHS. The Constitution provides an important opportunity for patients, public and NHS staff to focus on giving our best to the NHS, and getting the best out of it.”
Also published today are the Handbook to the NHS Constitution; a Statement of NHS Accountability; regulations, directions and guidance to support the new rights around choice, vaccines and the funding of drugs and treatments; and our response to the consultation and the CAF’s recommendations.
The Health Bill, published last week, will underpin the new Constitution by creating new legislation to ensure that the Constitution will be reviewed every 10 years and a duty on NHS bodies, as well as independent sector and third sector providers of NHS services, to have regard to the Constitution.
ENDS
My source: COI’s News Distribution Service is the public sector leader in the electronic delivery of news releases and information direct from Whitehall departments, and more than 100 agencies and non-departmental public bodies, to the national, regional and specialist media. COI’s News Distribution Service is the public sector leader in the electronic delivery of news releases and information direct from Whitehall departments, and more than 100 agencies and non-departmental public bodies, to the national, regional and specialist media.