Hodges' Model: Welcome to the QUAD: binary

Hodges' model is a conceptual framework to support reflection and critical thinking. Situated, the model can help integrate all disciplines (academic and professional). Amid news items, are posts that illustrate the scope and application of the model. A bibliography and A4 template are provided in the sidebar. Welcome to the QUAD ...

Showing posts with label binary. Show all posts
Showing posts with label binary. Show all posts

Friday, January 23, 2026

Optimism - Pessimism c/o Baggini & Macaro

INDIVIDUAL
|
 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 
|
GROUP

Cognitive flaws,
or psychological adaptations?

'Van der Lugt: "reality confound"

... Optimists believe they have more control over what happens than they actually do.'
 
Dunning-Kruger Effect: 
people tend to overestimate their own expertise.

Baumeister: 
"The negativity effect"
 
Norem:
"defensive pessimism"

Optimism and Pessimism are independent scales.

'Age also makes a difference, for the simple reason that life and its potential future vary accordingly.'

'Designated Cassandra'^
Rotation of role.

'When your prospects are bleak, a gloomy outlook is realism, not pessimism.'
'... how optimistic we feel depends not just on us, but on our life circumstances. 

Think about how race, class and social inequality have real impacts on life chances.'

'In western culture, optimism is valorised more than pessimism.'

'To suggest that people struggling in an unequal system should simply adopt a more positive attitude is to turn social and economic problems into psychological ones.'


^With apologies.

Source: J. Baggini, A. Macaro. In defence of pessimism. Or. why optimism is not quite a prerequisite for achieving a valued goal. FT Weekend Magazine, 1131: June 28, 2025, pp.18-20.
https://www.julianbaggini.com/in-defence-of-pessimism/

Books noted in the above article:

Sharot, T. (2011). The optimism bias: A tour of the irrationally positive brain. Pantheon/Random House.

Tierney, J., & Baumeister, R.F. (2019). The power of bad: How the negativity effect rules us — and how we can rule it. New York: Penguin.

Van der Lugt, M. (2025). Hopeful Pessimism. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.17707125

See also:

Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323

Saturday, October 23, 2021

COVID: Logic is the patient - again...

Hodges' model is evidence seeking, what logic might apply? 
 
Logic was once the 'patient':
“Yet, by 1530, formal logic was a dying branch of studies, and by the seventeenth century it had been completely forgotten. Why? No one to my knowledge has provided a satisfactory answer. Prantl, one of the earliest scholars to take notice of medieval logic, merely relied on the prejudice of four hundred years in depicting the universities as nursing; the sick but obstinate patient (dialectics), until 'the healthy spirit of antiquity conquered the scholastic pedantry'. Bochenski is not concerned with the mechanics of historical change. Ong gives the cause of death as an inherent weakness in medieval logic itself: 'Scholastic logic was dying of the frustration attendant upon its failure to develop a symbolic system adequate to its ambition and the promise of its initial development.' Even if medieval logic could not overcome this weakness, it had nevertheless hobbled along for three hundred fifty years with the malady! Even if the universities artificially prolonged its life, how exactly did the 'healthy spirit of antiquity' do away with the old warrior?” (Heath, 1971, p.47).
 
Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
Group

logic


LOGIC

logic

logic

Heath, Terrence. “Logical Grammar, Grammatical Logic, and Humanism in Three German Universities.” Studies in the Renaissance 18 (1971): 9–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2857078.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

c/o JAN: Formal Concept Analysis ... and an encouraging footnote

My source:


Andersson, N, Silver, H. Fuzzy cognitive mapping: An old tool with new uses in nursing research. J Adv Nurs. 2019; 00: 1– 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14192

This tweet prompted a reply and further reflection, as I've been aware of FCA for quite a while. A math disability (but remote fascination?) precludes me really 'getting to grips' with this. As noted before on W2tQ, visualization in the humanities (social sciences) has still not realised its potential. Those researchers, professional workers ... who could benefit from its application, being in the 'humanities', often do not understand the underlying mathematics. Even though they are not necessarily that advanced (sixth-form - undergraduate?).

Over the years I have built up a small library of related papers and books. The Macgill (1984) paper referenced below, I started to 'read' and work through and got a short way. The print quality is rather poor and obviously dated, but that is not the problem. I will try again. Since the 1980s software has changed beyond the proprietary packages of MathCad, MathLab, Maple and Mathematica and collectively they should (must?) make these methods more accessible. Of course, I thought this with regards to the use of content management system for a website (yes, that one!). Again though it's not the tools, but my choice, time and focus.

I write this and it might only be intuition, but I'm not just sure, I know there is something here.

Seeing FCA in JAN's tweet I thought of a certain footnote even though on my copy the reference seems incomplete:

Kwong, C. P. A Topological Framework for Formal Concept Analysis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

On the first page the footnote reads:

"The adjective "formal" is used to emphasize the mathematical substance of the objects being studied, which may be left out when such a formality is superfluous."

As you can imagine this is quite a gift for me. In a way it suggests the following from a 2x2 matrix with keywords (concepts), to an arbitrary array:

individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group - population

1001
1110
0001
1111

1101
0100
1010
0011

1111
0011
0011
0110

0110
1111
0000
0110

There is a worry here. When your formative nurse education and training stressed the need to shift from a task-oriented approach to individualised, then filling the domains of Hodges' model with '1's and '0's is a bona fide task-checklist - even if a binary one.

There is a response to that concern for another post; but before that there is another source c/o:

Johana Ramírez Gaviria (2015) Aspectos topológicos en el Análisis deConceptos FormalesTopological aspects in Formal Concept Analysis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística Manizales, Colombia. p.6.
c/o Google, Spanish – detected, English
En [26] se plantean nuevos modelos para el FCA usando nociones de la topología algebraica. El contexto formal convencional es reemplazado por una matriz con entradas ”1” ó ”0” denominada matriz contexto, para construir una familia simplicial (familia concepto), de ahi se desprenden propiedades que relacionan la teoría de la topología algebraica con el FCA.

Cabe resaltar que hasta el momento no se ha trabajado en dotar de estructura topológica los contextos formales en el FCA generalizado, donde los datos de las tablas toman valores difusos en lugar de valores binarios como se tiene para el FCA clásico.
In [26] new models for the FCA are proposed using notions of the topology algebraic The conventional formal context is replaced by a matrix with “1” or "0" called context matrix, to build a simplicial family (concept family), from there properties that relate the theory of algebraic topology with the FCA.

It should be noted that so far no work has been done to provide a topological structure the formal contexts in the generalized FCA, where the data in the tables take values diffuse instead of binary values ​​as you have for the classic FCA. 
[26, reference is Kwong]
  The whole thesis would need translating, but I have a sense that this too is useful.

Working through papers, files, journals, books getting rid of, sorting, re-filing ... I'll see if I can add to the reading below.

Atkin, R. (1974). Mathematical Structure in Human Affairs. London, Heinemann.

Macgill, S.M. (1984). Structural Analysis of Social Data, A Guide to Ho's Galois Lattice Approach and A Partial Re-Specification of QAnalysis, Working Paper 416, School of Geography, University of Leeds.

Previous post:
Bell jars and bell curves


Thanks to @jadvnursing for this tweet in-particular and for RTs.
(Paper e-copy received with thanks c/o Neil Andersson, 25 Oct 2019.).

Tuesday, January 29, 2019

"Study in blue" Dictyota dichotoma

individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
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group


https://artblart.com/tag/anna-atkins-dictyota-dichotoma/
Anna Atkins (1799-1871) Dictyota dichotoma, in the young state & in fruit,
 from Part XI of Photographs of British Algae:
Cyanotype Impressions 1849-1850 Cyanotype

family tree






Chuang, J. (2019) Study in blue, FT Weekend Magazine, January 5-6th, pp.32-35.

Monday, March 19, 2018

Individual choice & life chances c/o Mark Power

individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic --------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group
Harlan, Kentucky, December 2015 (c) Mark Power

PRACTICE

POLICY

Photo and source with thanks: Harlan, Kentucky, December 2015 @copy Mark Power

My source: Requiem for a dream, David Chandler, 2018 FT Magazine, March 3-4.

Saturday, August 12, 2017

Book: A Mind at Play

individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic --------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group

I still have a collection of articles on information and information theory saved from old magazines, such as, PC World, Practical Computing, PC Magazine (British), PCW and Byte. I've some specific books too that might form a collection of sorts, once they gathered together and sorted. Maths helps, but you don't need a high level of math ability to grasp the basics. It is a fascinating field and now with quantum computing, AI ... the future isn't just beckoning we're caught in its tenacious gravity field - especially as we get older!

I still have the aspiration to write a follow-up to the paper below, combining information, health and complexity. Meanwhile this book looks good summer reading...

Jones, P. (1996) Humans, Information, and Science, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(3),591-598.


Image: Simon and Schuster = A Mind at Play