Hodges' Model: Welcome to the QUAD

Hodges' model is a conceptual framework to support reflection and critical thinking. Situated, the model can help integrate all disciplines (academic and professional). Amid news items, are posts that illustrate the scope and application of the model. A bibliography and A4 template are provided in the sidebar. Welcome to the QUAD ...

Thursday, June 05, 2025

World Happiness Report 2025

WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2025


. . . and looking ahead to WHR 2026 . . .


Prof Lord Richard Layard

Editor, World Happiness Report

In World Happiness Report 2024, we presented evidence of a concerning decline in the wellbeing of young people in Western industrialised countries.

Obviously, a child’s wellbeing matters for the same reason that any individual’s wellbeing matters. But wellbeing among children and adolescents is also critical since it is the best predictor of how happy said child will be in their subsequent life – with a higher predictive power than the qualifications which they might obtain.


There has been much debate about the reasons for such a downward trend, with many competing theories and policy recommendations. However, one explanation has captured public and political attention more than any other: social media.


Also in 2024, Jonathan Haidt, a social psychologist at New York University’s Stern School of Business, published The Anxious Generation, arguing that the decline in youth wellbeing is driven by a transition from a play-based childhood to a phone-based childhood. The book has been a best-seller and sparked heated debate, both in academia and the wider world.


As editors of the World Happiness Report, we have followed this debate closely, concerned that rigorous science was being overshadowed by shallow media narratives.


In World Happiness Report 2026, we see an opportunity to bring all sides of the debate together to establish the facts, clarify disagreements, and provide decision-makers with a balanced assessment of what we know, what we don’t know, and what should be done.


We’re encouraging researchers from across the world to submit chapter proposals focusing on the relationship between social media and subjective wellbeing before the deadline of Sunday 15 June. Full details are available on the World Happiness Report website.


My source: Email from info AT worldhappiness.report

Previously: 'happiness'

Tuesday, June 03, 2025

Self, ego, life and death

The INDIVIDUAL - GROUP axis continues to fascinate:


individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group

SELF - IDENTITY - PERSONHOOD

ego superego id

mood - depression - mania

psychoactive substances

ego death - reset, reconstitition, re-birth?

NATURE

 personhood -
rivers, mountains, trees, land

medicine(s)

psychedelics

cultural identity, knowledge

social history, practices

corporate personhood

law 'person'


See also:

Pahnke, Walter N. “The Psychedelic Mystical Experience in the Human Encounter with Death.” The Harvard Theological Review 62, no. 1 (1969): 1–21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1509131.

Adler, Nathan. “Ethics, Ethos, and Actualization: The Paradigm of the Antinomian Therapies.” Issues in Criminology 5, no. 1 (1970): 85–99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42912546.

Blainey, Marc G. “Forbidden Therapies: Santo Daime, Ayahuasca, and the Prohibition of Entheogens in Western Society.” Journal of Religion and Health 54, no. 1 (2015): 287–302. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24485257.

Nail, Thomas. “How to Read the Nature of Things.” In Contemporary Encounters with Ancient Practice, edited by Abraham Jacob Greenstine, Ryan J. Johnson, and Dave Mesing, 1st ed., 299–321. Edinburgh University Press, 2025. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/jj.17381661.21.

Corporate personhood
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_personhood

Monday, June 02, 2025

Online: Hodges' model in Safety presentation

Later this week I've an online presentation to deliver. The brief is to introduce Hodges' model and relate the model to the matter of safety - some thoughts ...

individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group
PATIENT safety

Task: Attention - Concentration
Rest - Sleep

psychological environment - safety

to ERR is human
HUMAN as weakest link

risk to SELF

Cognitive support - lists, names,
informational analysis of environment

Critical thinking
Situational awareness

Therapeutic - OBSERVATIONS
ethics- video surveillance
PATIENT - PROCESS safety
 - e.g. diagnosis, handover
physical safety: 1st law 1st aid.
SELF-harm : SELF-neglect
Assessments, Plan, Evaluation
environment:safety, construction, buildings
occupational/disciplinary safety
Comms - Information theory
 safety as security: lone working
signals - alarms, protocols

medical safety: medicines, devices
risk reduction - management

Human factors
Human- Computer/Tech/AI Interaction
Research - Records
Interfaces

Public Health Safety: Food, Pollution

risk to others
stereotypes - assumptions

risk from others - bullying

social media

teamwork: simulation

PRACTICE safety
Law - Health & Safety
Reporting - Statistics
Transparency
Mandatory Training / Learning
Whistleblowing
safety standards ISO
safety organisations

The Learning Organisation
Other sectors e.g. Aviation, Formula 1 ...
Risk of 'groupthink'

 Is it a risk to assume parity of estem in patient safety? What of 'a' patient's safety?

safety
https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=safety

Sunday, June 01, 2025

RCN Congress 2025 iv - AI & quality improvement

Discussion: Artificial intelligence in nurse education &
Discussion: The role of nursing staff in quality improvement


We'll cover two agenda items in this post. First, resistance is futile in the apparent rise and ubiquity of artificial intelligence.

Discussion: Artificial intelligence in nurse education

Here is, another thing 'we need to get right'. Without checking, I'm sure I posted/tweeted about 'essay factories'. Now Generative AI has put the automated generation of academic essays on steroids. If a student is not motivated to learn, enthusiastic about their seemingly chosen course of study and the professional reward to be earned, then we are in trouble. Public and patient safety are at risk. AI, is however is here to stay - change and help us prosper(?). AI and GenAI are tools, just another step forward, an advance on finger tips, palms, stick, chalk, pencil, and pen. The brief for the discussion includes, with specific points emboldened:

'... Additionally, AI-driven simulations and virtual reality scenarios can provide hands-on experience in a controlled environment, enabling students to practice and refine their skills with greater confidence. 

Creating an engaging and supportive learning environment is key to helping nursing students embrace AI. HEIs can introduce AI concepts early in the curriculum and provide ongoing training and resources. Encouraging collaboration and open discussions about the benefits and challenges of AI can further enhance students' confidence in using these tools.

By taking these steps, nursing education can seamlessly integrate AI, ensuring future nurses are equipped to excel in an evolving health care landscape.

To effectively integrate AI into nursing education, RCN Wales, for example, advocates for higher education institutions (HEIs) to equip students with the skills to continually enhance their digital and biotechnological literacy, ensuring they meet their programme outcomes.

HEIs can incorporate regular assessments and feedback mechanisms to monitor a student’s progress and determine where AI tools add the most value.' . . .

Computer-aided learning has matured greatly since the 1980s and 1990s. AI and GenAI mark the seeming leap in progress over the past two years, with governments, professional bodies and society having to adjust and quickly. We need to watch how simulation, and virtual reality and other approaches to learning are applied, to assure the quality, safety and learning experience provided to students. There appears to be a risk in mental health nursing curricula being 'diminished'. Interpersonal skills are critical in psychiatric and psychological care. This might afford the advocates of technically-laden solutions to side-step the nuances of face-to-face human interaction. Amid the pursuit of what is mechanistic, let us value the humanistic also.

The biotechnical, is one a several literacies to keep sight of. AI, is of course bound up in bio-political concerns, that are still emerging. The 'health care landscape' is plural too: consider the patient's home, a ward, out-patient department, e-consultation, e-learning intervention, brief psychotherapy, occupational health, carceral care, and field hospital, veterans, migrant - refugee health and the homeless.

There's more, and references and a reading list are also provided on the above link.

'Quality improvement is about making a difference to patients by improving safety, effectiveness, and experience of care.

All nursing staff should have the abilities and support to become involved in addressing health care pressures, utilising their expertise in the profession as leaders, not only in care delivery, but also within the system. However, the work of nursing staff to deliver quality improvement is often limited to opportunities that are dependent on staffing, seniority and availability. 

Nurses’ willingness to attend training is often superseded by patient demand making attendance impossible. Other health care colleagues undertake work on research and service improvement alongside their role and as a requirement for their revalidation, this is not the case for nursing staff who don’t get these opportunities.

Consider the benefits of the nursing workforce undertaking quality improvement, conducting local research, reorganising working environments, translating or updating patient materials, trialling novel approaches to care or addressing health inequalities. These skills would not only improve the quality of care we provide but also prepare the nurse to influence and change systems throughout their career.

This is relevant UK-wide. Scotland's 2030 vision for nurses, states an intention to equip nurses with quality improvement tools and support, but only nurses in non-hands-on roles. NHS Wales offers quality improvement training through e-learning  via the ESR to health care professionals, in Wales. In Northern Ireland training is available, but only for Band 7 and above.'

What is the role of all nurses to get involved in quality improvement?'


There is a point with IT security that if it was 100% assured with all the prospective log-ins of an average user, would we ever get any 'real' work done? Does the same apply to research? I have heard this as an argument in practice; and a response to a drive for quality improvement too. Data takes time to collect, especially to answer new questions. Such arguments were also fielded when models of nursing were spoke of with eye-rolls and sighs of experience. Quality improvement is a fight, opportunities and resources can be found, especially if a culture of research is nurtured and sustained. What questions does a ward, unit, team have currently? What queries might new starters, newly qualified, students, and placement candidates provoke? If my reference to fighting seems strong; the fight is for time. The raw truth is in the NHS that quality improvement, research and supervision (in its various forms) are in competition, in the absence of coherent integration.

In bold above, the discussion includes:

'trialling novel approaches to care or addressing health inequalities'.

I wonder what that springs to mind? More seriously, we need be aware of what happens to 'quality'; in whatever educational form it is encountered and experienced. 

individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group

interpersonal skills

informal / formal education
QUALITY
lifelong learning

biotechnical

landscape

quality improvement - clinical supervision?
inequity

social preparedness for AI/GenAI


management supervision?


Saturday, May 31, 2025

Globally - seeking the ink of scholars

The Ink of the Scholars:
Reflections on Philosophy in Africa


Since the late 1980s, in trying to understand Hodges' model, especially its political dimensions beyond nurses as advocates, the mental health act, choice and self-determination. To be followed by consent, then informed consent, mental capacity, human rights, equality, protected characteristics, safeguarding, equity, social in-justice; I've then questioned my assumed neutrality of the model. 

Allied to this is the fact that Hodges' model is one of many models and frameworks, largely created in the developed world. What alternative viewpointsof nursing, care and philosophies are there? Do these challenge Hodges' model? Or, can Hodges' model also encompass them, in a complementary manner?

Serendipity, or ADHD, seems to follow me around. In addition determined to extract value from my purchase and reading of the weekend FT, I learned of potential key read:


Prempeh, C. THE AESTHETE. Koyo Kouoh, The curator of 2026 Venice Biennale talks whisky sours, working from bed and being the "high priestess of the okra church". HTSI, FTWeekend, 3 May 2025,pp.21-22.

'THE BEST BOOK I'VE READ IN THE PAST YEAR is a book on African philosophers, The Ink of the Scholars: Reflections on Philosophy in Africa, by Souleymane Bachir Diagne, one of our most brilliant thinkers. He challenges the idea that there isn't a philosophical framework to African societies. There are ideas around Africans being the great architects of hospitality and Diagne reflects on what the African approach to humanity is. What does it mean to be careful, mindful and caring? It's not just about welcoming people to your home or feeding them. Hospitality is carrying people, making people feel comfortable in your environment - it's intellectual and emotional. Everyone should read Diagne, full stop.' p.21. 
 

Shocked: I have just read of Koyo Kouoh's passing - RIP. 

Souleymane Bachir Diagne, & Jonathan Adjemian. (2016, May 23). The Ink of the Scholars: Reflections on Philosophy in Africa. CODESRIA Books Publication System. CODESRIA
https://publication.codesria.org/index.php/pub/catalog/book/40

See also: 'hospitality'

Friday, May 30, 2025

Martha's mum, dad, guardian ...

Hayward, E. Parents really do know when
their child is sick, The Times,
30 May 2025, p.1.

The previous post highlighted the fact that while practice (and theory) based upon research finding that are 'evidence-based' and scientifically rigorous are a 'gold standard; there are other means by which knowledge is obtained. Cultures, often have systems to transfer knowledge - that which matters to the society, even if is not written in the conventional meaning of the term.

Intution is another source, and within social groups can be a powerful spur to action, and help seeking. This is demonstrated regularly in the knowledge that a parent, or guardian has about what is the normal presentation for a child in their care. 

In the UK Martha's Rule is being tested in NHS hospitals. It is encouraging then to hear and read news of a study in Australia (so in combination a 'multicenter' effort?).




Mills, E., Lin, P., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., West, A., & Craig, S. (n.d.). Association between caregiver concern for clinical deterioration and critical illness in children presenting to hospital: A prospective cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00098-7


individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group

"Not herself ..."

Martha

"Not well"

Martha
Mills

parents, guardians, friends & family


Martha's Rule*



Hayward, E. Parents really know when their child is sick, The Times, 30 May 2025, p.1.

*Under test in the UK.

Previously: 'intuition'

Thursday, May 29, 2025

Health Policy Watch: WHO’s Big Push to Integrate Traditional Medicine into Global Healthcare Framework

This is quite a development for the lived experience of all individuals, global health and for Hodges' model. Not only for Hodges' model as a universal framework (template) and model for / of care, but the capacity of Hodges' model to conceptually and culturally encompass all data, information, knowledge and wisdom.

c/o HIFA list:

Full text: https://healthpolicy-watch.news/whos-big-push-to-integrate-traditional-medicine-into-global-healthcare-framework/

'The World Health Assembly delivered a landmark victory for traditional medicine and indigenous cultures Monday evening, approving a strategy that calls for increased investment in research and integrating ancient healing practices into modern healthcare systems worldwide.
'The approval marks a breakthrough moment for advocates of traditional medicine, with nations across Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America celebrating the decision. Iran called it “a visionary yet realistic roadmap” to integrate thousands of years of medical like its own.

'But the strategy text shows WHO walking a careful tightrope, embracing practices that represent “accumulated wisdom and healing practices passed down through generations” while demanding they meet modern scientific evidence standards that could take decades to satisfy...'
Best wishes, Neil

HIFA profile: Neil Pakenham-Walsh is coordinator of HIFA (Healthcare Information For All), a global health community that brings all stakeholders together around the shared goal of universal access to reliable healthcare information.

See also: 'Oceania' : 'indigenous' : 'ancient' : 'map' : 'nature'