Citation of Hodges' model: 'Sustainable Health Model: Increasing Universal Access to Health Services in Remote Areas'

News received of another citation to add to the bibliography. It's just a sentence, but always welcome.

Noting the journal's title, Hodges' model incorporates a person's, family's, population's health career which is invariably impacted by a cascade of life chances. H2cm can also be applied temporally, longitudinally; taking in the past, current situation and future.

Good to see researchers discovering Hodges' model and considering it in respect of global health and sustainability also. If your purpose is to identify gaps, seek to reduce them, critique and evaluate change then again Hodges' model with the bridges it affords is an effective resource.

It's disappointing to see the journal - JoWFMHN list only the first author of referenced work. I must look at open access in the future, and remain grateful to Dr Wirnitzer - co-author in the cited paper - for assistance with writing and final publication, whose work includes:

The NURMI-Study (NURMI – Nutrition and Running high Mileage)
https://www.nurmi-study.com/en

Science 2 School: Nachhaltig gesund – bewegt & veggie
https://www.science2.school/

Abstract

Access to healthcare services in remote areas remains a significant global challenge, with many populations experiencing disparities in healthcare availability, quality, and affordability. Sustainable health models that ensure universal access to health services are essential for improving public health outcomes in underserved areas. This study investigates the potential for sustainable health models to increase healthcare access in remote regions, focusing on the role of telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community health workers. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with healthcare professionals and quantitative data on healthcare access and outcomes in remote communities. The findings indicate that telemedicine platforms have improved healthcare delivery by 40%, while mobile health clinics and trained community health workers have expanded service reach, particularly in geographically isolated areas. Furthermore, community-based health interventions have led to a 30% reduction in preventable diseases in these regions. The study concludes that integrating technology with community-based solutions offers a scalable and effective approach to achieving universal health access in remote areas. However, challenges such as technology infrastructure, resource allocation, and healthcare workforce training need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability of these models.

Ardenny Ardenny, Le Hoang Nam, Pham Anh Tu (2025). Sustainable Health Model: Increasing Universal Access to Health Services in Remote Areas. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing. 3. DOI: 10.70177/health.v3i1.1907

Universal and Generic: Hodges' model and conceptual frameworks, or

What the papers say . . .

The purpose of many research papers is to produce a conceptual framework, perhaps as a step towards a greater goal and objective.

Whatever the context or purpose of the conceptual framework:

• Theoretical Framework
• Conceptual Model
• Empirical Framework
• Descriptive Framework
• Analytical Framework
• Conceptual Framework for Policy Analysis
• Logical Frameworks
• Conceptual Frameworks for Program Evaluation
• Conceptual Frameworks for Organizational Analysis
• Conceptual Frameworks for Strategic Planning*

Hodges' model can be applied. This past week I saw a way to illustrate the scope of Hodges' model, which I will revisit. As ever, this merely scratches an itch on #MentalHealthNursesDay.

With apologies to authors and publishers - original citations follow:

Divya Sussana Patil, Ajay Bailey, Sobin George, Martin Hyde & Lena Ashok (2023) Unpacking the role of (INSERT [focus1..x/protected characteristic]) among (INSERT [Population]) for accessing healthcare in (INSERT [City, Town, Village, 3-words; Country]). Global Public Health, 18:1, DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2274438


Ahuvia, I.L., Mullarkey, M.C., Sung, J.Y., Fox, K.R. and Schleider, J.L. (2023), Evaluating a treatment selection approach for (INSERT [modality, delivery]) single-session interventions for (INSERT [Life-stage, Condition/Diagnosis]). J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 64: 1679-1688. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13822

Xu H, Bayless TM, Østbye T, Dupre ME. Care sequences leading to the diagnosis of (INSERT [Disease] and [related]): An analysis of (INSERT [format / owner]) records. Alzheimer's Dement. 2024; 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13669

Original citations:

Divya Sussana Patil, Ajay Bailey, Sobin George, Martin Hyde & Lena Ashok (2023) Unpacking the role of transport inequalities among older adults for accessing healthcare in Bengaluru, India, Global Public Health, 18:1, DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2274438

My source: https://x.com/HydeM1976/status/1718975653175796085?s=20 (and prompt)

Ahuvia, I.L., Mullarkey, M.C., Sung, J.Y., Fox, K.R. and Schleider, J.L. (2023), Evaluating a treatment selection approach for online single-session interventions for adolescent depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 64: 1679-1688. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13822

https://x.com/acamh/status/1759539440605606159?s=20

Xu H, Bayless TM, Østbye T, Dupre ME. Care sequences leading to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: An analysis of electronic health records. Alzheimer's Dement. 2024; 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13669

https://x.com/DukeGHI/status/1759978730192306179?s=20

*https://researchmethod.net/conceptual-framework/

Review: A systematic review and mixed- methods synthesis of the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of prison staff regarding adult prisoners who self-harm

The systematic review featured here was tweeted:

https://twitter.com/t_hewson/status/1533800510343499779

- and being mixed-methods caught my eye. 

Below, I have mapped some of the concepts, themes and findings of the review to Hodges' model, adding some italicised points of my own.

The relevance of Hodges' model, in carceral, forensic, health and justice contexts is marked. The vertical axis's distinction of individual and group and the need to protect the public from dangerous individuals stands out. As does an individual's physical and mental state to the State - in the political domain. This extends to the Sociological as to the public's expectations over 'law and order' and what - should, must - happen to wrong-doers.

Where the model can help reflection, scoping, critical thinking and problem solving is in the disciplinary bridges it provides between knowledge, or what can be 'silos'; and, the many interfaces that are found within our activities, health, educational or generally. There are several interfaces in this systematic review: Prison staff - prisoner; prisoner - prisoner; prisoner - family; and where the custody function, butts up against that of the health - and how physical and mental health needs are met - or in this environment (literally) negotiated. There is a related finding (page 6):

"In contrast, in one establishment with low rates of self-harm, staff felt that their roles of ‘carer’ and ‘security officer’ were well integrated."

INDIVIDUAL

|

 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               

HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      

SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 

|

GROUP

SELF: Prisoner / Prison Officer (and Other roles) Prison staff - perceptions & attitudes self harm (thoughts, motivation) suicide (thoughts, motivation) Staff confidence, skills: Awareness - Prevention Caring - empathy 'manipulative', 'attention seeking' Insufficient training expressed emotion Staff member's wellbeing Capacity to care 'deep acting' emotional intelligence 'hope' QUALITATIVE

SELF: Adult Prisoner, Prison Staff [repetitive] self harm (means, action) suicide (means, action) Carceral environment (PRISON) self-harm - factors Research: Methodology, [Mixed] methods Systematic Review self-report - non-validated questionairres TIME [shift]: 'all the time', 'every time' location, time Staff member's wellbeing Capacity to care 'surface acting' Effect of COVID on self-harm: men/women Assessment tools ACCT - Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork processes QUANTITATIVE

Prison - Staff Culture male::female staff -> prisoner -> relatedness Staff - Prisoner interactions in self-harm management Behavioural - learning/copying role - models clarity 'shared/pervasive sense of hope' 'Life skills - literacies' Social determinants of Health (Crime?)

Self-harm: Policy NICE guidelines 'Correction', Young Offender Inst. control–support model demands - resources model Occupational stress Staff Support Training Prison officer training 'Intro 101'?

The comments gleaned from staff are very informative. Also of interest here are ongoing developments in trauma-informed care and this can cover emotional trauma, as in abuse, plus head injury which is a key screening initiative. Achieving parity of esteem across physical and mental health, demands a more delicate balance in health and justice.

'Hope' is a concept subject to much analysis, for example, in the healthcare, sociological and philosophical literature. Incarceration, must bring its own 'trauma', which will vary in its signature across individual, age, first-offence, recidivism, offence, legal processes ... and its impact upon hope. From the challenge of the individual prisoner and their hope, there is the challenge for prison management and policy to instill, facilitate a shared, sense of hope. Amid the news on the state of prisons, there are no doubt examples where this can and is delivered.

Hewson, T., Gutridge, K., Bernard, Z., Kay, K., & Robinson, L. (2022). A systematic review and mixed-methods synthesis of the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of prison staff regarding adult prisoners who self-harm. BJPsych Open, 8(4), E102. doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.70

 

Tides: Tackling Inequalities and Discrimination Experiences in health Services

individual
|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

|

group
 

 

"What is the TIDES study?

The Tackling Inequalities and Discrimination Experiences in health Services (TIDES) study investigates how discrimination experienced by both patients and healthcare practitioners may generate and perpetuate inequalities in health and health service use. The TIDES study is funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)."

My source:

https://twitter.com/tides_study/status/1387089743742177289?s=20

Hodges' model: What is the Question? (ii)

individual

|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

|

group

What is the basis for meta-cognitive and meta-conceptual claims for Hodges' model? Does Hodges' model have a role in secondary education and if so, what is it? If Hodges' model facilitates reflection and is reflexive how is this achieved and demonstrated? Is Hodges' model a meta-semantic framework and if so, is this what provides genericity? What is the foundation of the axes in Hodges' model and what characteristics can be described?

Is Hodges' model safe? "Cold, Warm, Hot, Hotter!" nearer to 'navel gazing' than 'reflective practice'? Are 'concepts' sufficient to explain the structure of Hodges' model, and account for its claimed role(s) in assessment, planning, evaluation and assurance? Is Hodges' model a constant: as the contemporary model? Are 'individual', 'group', 'humanistic', and 'mechanistic' sufficient as conceptual anchors; and if so are they sufficient to give rise to the two continua that then invoke four knowledge (care) domains?

Can Hodges' model simultaneously preserve, protect and assure 'patiency' whilst also facilitating self-care? What forms of literacy are encountered by users of Hodges' model and are they accessible to the public, patients and carers? Hodges' model: Show me the praxis. What does Hodges' model say about holism (and consequently reductivism) and why should anyone listen?

Is there such a thing as a generic 'model of care' in a multidisciplinary world? Is there a 'logic' to the seemingly diametric opposition of 'power' as exercised here and the two individual domains in Hodges' model? If claims for Hodges' model of universality, genericity and global scope are 'true' is this also a risk for healthcare professions and specialisation, as it supports the 'universal worker' and automated processes?

 

Hodges' model: What is the Question? (i)

individual

|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

|

group

Can Hodges' model assist student nurses in assessment and  evaluation of their well-being through their course of study? What sort of 'spaces' do we find in Hodges' model and do they matter or meta?	What is Hodges' model? Is there a theory implicit in Hodges' model? What theories might underpin this 'model'? The Demarcation problem: Hodges' model - is this science or non-science?
Does Hodges' model display consistency when used within a specific cohort of students and across disciplinary student groups? What is a 'span' and 'career' in the 21st century, and why do they matter to the individual and group?	Created in the 1980s is there a political need for Hodges' model in the 2020s? What are 'legacy' problems in healthcare and nursing, and how can Hodges' model characterise them?

 

Prompted by post-graduate study and avoiding reference to methods and/or methodology, plus:

How come so many researchers can't clearly specify the questions they are trying to answer? How come so many people are happy to bandy methods and sample sizes around in research bids without ACTUALLY STATING THE QUESTIONS THEY ARE TRYING TO ANSWER? Drives me absolutely 🥜🥜🥜🥜

— Nicky Cullum 🇪🇺 (@nicolacullum) December 15, 2020

 

Over many years, many questions have arisen.

Resnik, David B. A pragmatic approach to the demarcation problem. Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci., 2000, 31: 2, 249-267.

The LONG Now - in Research

individual

|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

|

group - population

	500-Year Microbiology Experiment
Broadbalk Winter Wheat Experiment*

*I have placed Broadbalk here as agriculture was a key driver for social and community development.

See also:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/7/130719-tar-pitch-longest-running-experiments-science/

Good genes are nice, but joy is better, The Harvard Gazette.
https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/04/over-nearly-80-years-harvard-study-has-been-showing-how-to-live-a-healthy-and-happy-life/

World's largest evidence review: Nutritional supplements for mental health
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-09/nhri-wle090619.php

The Long Now Foundation
http://longnow.org/clock/


My source:
Whipple, T. (2019) News, Bacteria study has just 495 years to go, The Times, February 2, p.37.

Developing a Palliative Care Model for People with Dementia in the Community c/o @PallC4Dementia

Challenge

People are living longer, which means that more of us will get age-related illnesses such as dementia. Dementia is caused by different diseases of the brain. These diseases affect the parts of the brain which are normally used for learning, memory and language. Although Dementia usually affects people as they get older, it’s not a normal part of ageing. Many people don’t realise that Dementia is a terminal illness. People may die from dementia, not just die with dementia. Palliative Care aims to improve the quality of life of people and their families who are facing an incurable, life-limiting illness, such as dementia. Palliative care involves actively looking for symptoms of any kind- physical, social, spiritual, or psychological - and providing excellent care to lessen these symptoms. People with dementia need palliative care just as much as people with cancer, but they often don’t get it.

Research Project (currently ongoing)

This project aims to improve the palliative care of people with dementia, and their families, by developing a “model”. This model aims to support people with dementia to live well at home in the community for as long as possible. The model will map out what services, assessments and treatments the person might need and where, so the health system can better organise their care. To develop a model that will work in Ireland, we must first learn what is already known about “good” palliative care for people with dementia. This mixed methods study will be carried out in several phases:

• We will conduct a review of the literature, to find all available research in this area. This will allow us to see what existing models and services are supported by research evidence.
• We will conduct a survey of healthcare workers and researchers to ask them two things. Firstly, what do they think an ideal model of dementia palliative care would look like? And secondly, what existing services providing dementia palliative care are there?

...

• ... Please visit the project's website for full details....

Phase 1: The research team designed a survey to i) identify existing models for dementia palliative care in Ireland and the UK, and ii) to identify key components of effective models. The survey is currently live on this website. The research team has also developed a protocol for a scoping review to guide their search of the literature for relevant research. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO ID: CRD42018091158, and the search is currently underway.

...

Follow us on Twitter

@PallC4Dementia | #PallCare4Dementia

For further information contact

Email: s.fox AT ucc.ie
Email: info AT aiihpc.org 

• ... Please visit the project's website for full details....

Eye tracking - the silver bullet..?

Eye tracking: 
the silver bullet of competency assessment 
in medical image interpretation?

Kok, E.M. (2019) Eye tracking: the silver bullet of competency assessment in medical image interpretation? Perspectives on Medical Education. 8:63–64.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0506-5

^*Jones, P. (2019) Eye tracking: the silver bullet of competency in achieving integrated, holistic and person-centred care through reflection and critical thinking? 2020 Vision in Care.1:1-25.

individual

|

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

|

group - population

^*Of course there is no such paper ...

Book Review: [ii] An introduction to Health Research Methods

Where were we from Part [i]? For the book contents listing look no further. The publisher's site also provides sample pages.

For part ii we are up to chapter 14. Correlation studies, also known as aggregate or ecological studies had me scurrying to the index. While such studies usually rely on secondary analyses I thought about the power of social media to disrupt such distinctions. 'Social media' is there p.165 and this would be primary 'live' (the idea of a feed sounds 'live', but then web crawling can be quite retrospective) or secondary and might deserve a chapter of its own in. Despite such queries figures proceed to inform the analysis of correlation pp.97-100.

At step 3 we are still under a third way through  the text, excluding the glossary and index. Chapter 15 explains research timelines and protocols. While trying to formulate my own research question, I created a research plan and Gantt chart (figs 15-1 & 15-2). This prompts me to revisit the exercise as an independent scholar with the decade long aspiration to create a new website. The treatment here is aimed, of course, at research teams with responsibilities and a principal investigator. Figure 16-1 on sample populations and how they are derived I sometimes share with students on placement as I encourage them to be researchers. They should always be asking questions, as students, at their job interview and a new post provides an ideal opportunity to hear problems, issues, uncertainties. Many managers miss this - a fresh pair of eyes.

Vulnerable populations deserve and are given specific mention. Chapters 17 and 18 covers primary research concepts, such as, sample size, power estimation, reliability and validity. The systematic approach throughout the book is evident here. My initial note about lack of whitespace sees Jacobsen advocating for whitespace in questionnaire design. This advice flows into surveys, interviews and other assessments. The research essential of Boolean search is described with the process of a systematic search strategy, also allied with Forest and Funnel plots. Do take time with chapter 25 on writing research grants, even if you are an individual. It is obvious, but your financial situation can greatly affect your staying power in a programme of study that incorporates research, or is research led. Personal circumstances can change.

In step 4 if research has its quarry face, then we meet it here in (what can be) the hard-grind of data management (chapter 26) code books, data entry, data cleaning and data coding. The maths is invariably explicit in chapters 28 and 29 on descriptive statistics, regression analysis. Here the figures and text really do go hand-in-hand. If baby should never be in the corner Step 5 reminds us that research should never just be stuck on the shelf. In reporting findings you will find posters, conferences, presentations and writing papers, citing sources, and seeing an article through submission, revision to publication. A chapter deals with success - or how to keep going which brings readers to end with a glossary that is not cross referenced but the index is thorough.

This is very good introduction and the title really reflects the aim and content. This is an excellent primer that you can return to after the paint is well dry. It will be a pleasure to pass this book on to a nurse working in research - clinical trials. As is often the case there is an online access code to additional course materials. I have not broken the seal but may add further comments if they follow. There are always other things that might be included. As research stresses literature is there a way to include literacy, to wrest health literacy from the fog of the research question? Visual methods are increasingly used and the comic format used for educational, and even presentation of theses and dissertations. Genomics and the advent of (medically) personalised care may demand additional knowledge for researchers of all levels.

The other thought I alluded to in part [i] does not affect my recommendation for this book; but it concerns the primary, secondary and tertiary forms of research, literacy and access to information. Yes, these have an established place in the research process and lexicon (inclusion/exclusion criteria, informed consent...) with a history to reinforce this foundation. But is there a problem as this research is supporting health systems that really must change. Does something further in research need to change? Where and how could we incorporate the quaternary view? Never mind a chapter: could that have a step all its own?

Part [i]

With thanks to Emma Phillips, Marketing Manager: Academic Class Learning.

Book Review: An introduction to Health Research Methods [i]

For this review, the preface says it all in the purpose of this book as a: "necessary foundation for meaningful improvements in clinical and public health practice." From an outcomes based view, to the research process itself the book is organised through five - very recognisable - steps:

1. The Research Question 5-43
2. Study approaches 35-100
3. Study design and data collection 101-211
4. Analysis 213-271
5. Dissemination 273-345

I have included the page numbers across the steps to give you an idea of the weighting. The text cuts across the various methods, disciplines and credentials of the researcher.

If you are looking for whitespace this book is not for you. As a result though this adds of course to value-for-money. As evidence of packing-it-in the publishers have packed the pages, which for a research book is welcome. The execution while dense with ink on the page, is well delivered in presentation. The font is large, clear, distinct and readable. The adopted format is established very quickly. The first paragraph refers to a figure which is also on the first page. Figures are used to good effect throughout the book, shaded tones not colour.

As per the steps outlined above, two structures to help formulate a general research topic and question are described Exposure, Disease, Population [EPD] and PICOT. Mental health represented here encouraged my reading early on. Literature is also explored, the process of reviewing and systematic revires and meta-analysis in chapters 3 & 22.

With so much research being conducted the matter of originality and gaps in the literature are included. Figure 3-1 provides useful "Ideas for new studies" p.18, the issue of gaps also earns a figure of its own. Chapter 4 quite rightly brought pangs of guilt here dealing with "Focusing the research question" - primary (new data), secondary (existing data), tertiary (review and synthesize the literature). I have struggled to finalise a goal and set specific objectives. This did give me something to ponder upon which I will save for the end.

Each chapter begins with a pithy sentence of advice. Some chapters are very short, e.g. chapters 5 and 6 but this is justified and not suggestive of a need for an alternative structure. Step 2 signifies the arrival at more technical content; time frames, population selection, case definitions, cohort studies, cross sectional surveys, case control studies - with odds rations. This is all framed in accord with the introductory theme. Even an introductory book cannot avoid maths and Jacobsen deploys the figures to very good effect, for example Incidence in figure 11-5. Chapter 12 may be less heavy on the maths but it is a vocabulary expander for the uninitiated in research, as figure illuminate random control trial approaches, randomization efficacy, numbers needed..., flows of participants and screening a diagnostic test results (positives and negatives). The author's picking out Qualitative Research - Chapter 13 gave me hope for Hodges' model which can readily differentiate between quant and qual. And yes, brainstorming and mapping are mentioned at the start of the book.

TO BE CONTINUED...

Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement

Dear Readers,

Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement is delighted to announce the publication of its latest issue at https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/ijcre. We invite you to review the Table of Contents here and then visit our website to review articles and items of interest.

Thanks for the continuing interest in our work,

Margaret Malone
Managing Editor, Gateways
Margaret.Malone AT uts.edu.au

Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement
Vol 9, No 1 (2016)
Table of Contents
https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/ijcre/issue/view/397

Research articles (Refereed)

The journey and destination need to be intentional: Perceptions of success in community-academic research partnerships (1–21)
Robin Lindquist-Grantz, Lisa M Vaughn

Two steps forward, one step back: Achievements and limitations of university-community partnerships in addressing neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage (22–40)
Deborah Warr, Richard Williams

Caught up in power: Exploring discursive frictions in community research (41–57)
Cindy Hanson, Adeyemi Ogunade

Supporting communities of practice: A reflection on the benefits and challenges facing communities of practice for research and engagement in nursing (58–73)
Maretha De Waal, Oumiki Khumisi

'Culture' as HIV prevention: Indigenous youth speak up! (74–88)
Ciann Wilson, Vanessa Oliver, Sarah Flicker, Native Youth Sexual Health Network, Tracey Prentice, Randy Jackson, June Larkin, Jean-Paul Restoule, Claudia Mitchell

Engaging youth in post-disaster research: Lessons learned from a creative methods approach (89–112)
Lori Peek, Jennifer Tobin-Gurley, Robin S Cox, Leila Scannell, Sarah Fletcher, Cheryl Heykoop

Impact of international humanitarian service-learning on emerging adult social competence: A mixed-methods evaluation (113–131)
Paul Schvaneveldt, Todd Spencer

Practice-based articles (Non-refereed)

Unusual conversations: A reflection on the mechanics of internationally engaged public scholarship (132–144)
Jonathan Damiani

Fundamental researcher attributes: Reflections on ways to facilitate participation in Community Psychology doctoral dissertation research (145–158)
Renato M Liboro, Robb Travers

Innovating for skills enhancement in agricultural sciences in Africa: The centrality of field attachment programs (159–171)
Anthony Egeru, Paul Nampala, Henry Massa-Makuma, Moses Osiru, Adipala Ekwamu

Mobilizing Minds: Integrated knowledge translation and youth engagement in the development of mental health information resources (172–185)
Christine A Garinger, Kristin A Reynolds, John R Walker, Emma Firsten-Kaufman, Alicia S Raimundo, Pauline C Fogarty, Mark W Leonhart, Mobilizing Minds Research Group
________________________________________________________________________
Paul Ashton, Marilyn Krogh, Margaret Malone, Phil Nyden and Pauline O'Loughlin
Editorial Committee Gateways

My source c/o Margaret Malone via LIVINGKNOWLEDGE-L AT LISTS.UCC.IE

Evaluation: The Development of RUFDATA c/o Saunders (2000)

Evaluation (activity)

The Development of RUFDATA

"Approaches that are high in ‘fidelity’ are not appropriate for complex, dispersed organizations. In other words, an approach which depends heavily on the precise specification and performance of its various components in order for it to work at local level will be subverted, understood as a necessary evil or even resented as a tool of surveillance and control. What is required is an approach that is low in fidelity. The metaphor of a ‘framework’ is therefore apt. A framework should provide a generic context for action in which some recognizable shaping characteristics are evident but within the shape a wide range of actions is possible (p.15). ...

RUFDATA is an acronym for the procedural decisions that would shape evaluation activity. The letters of the acronym stand for the following:

reasons and purposes; 

uses; 

focus; 

data and evidence; 

audience; 

timing; 

agency." (p.15)

Saunders, M. (2000). Beginning an Evaluation with RUFDATA: Theorizing a Practical Approach to Evaluation Planning. Evaluation, 6(1), 7-21.

Ack: Dr B. Bligh.

The Scope of Nursing::And other things

individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ---------------------------------------  mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group

"Scope Resolution Operator (::) 

The Scope Resolution Operator (also called Paamayim Nekudotayim) or in simpler terms, the double colon, is a token that allows access to static, constant, and overridden properties or methods of a class.

When referencing these items from outside the class definition, use the name of the class.

As of PHP 5.3.0, it's possible to reference the class using a variable. The variable's value can not be a keyword (e.g. self, parent and static). 

Paamayim Nekudotayim would, at first, seem like a strange choice for naming a double-colon. However, while writing the Zend Engine 0.5 (which powers PHP 3), that's what the Zend team decided to call it. It actually does mean double-colon - in Hebrew!"

Source: http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.paamayim-nekudotayim.php 

Scope of Nursing: (Interpersonal, Sciences, Sociology, Political & Spiritual)  actions, procedures, responsibility, accountability, governance, whistle-blowing, transparency, competency, candour, quality, safety....

Self-care?

Spot image: http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/~cpinciroli/extra/h-414/one_spot.png