Hodges model: Welcome to the QUAD

Wednesday, March 17, 2021

Does “#AI” stand for Augmenting Inequality in the era of Covid-19 healthcare? c/o BMJ

Fig 1 Cascading effects of health inequality and discrimination manifest in the design and use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems [BMJ]

Original graphic surgically re-rendered as per the knowledge (care) domains of Hodges' model:

individual

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

group

My source:

Does “#AI” stand for Augmenting Inequality in the era of Covid-19 healthcare? | via @bmj_latest https://t.co/P3zgVBeI4p
— Rob McCargow #MoveForJack (@RobMcCargow) March 16, 2021

Peter Jones: Blog author & editor - 2006 ...

Researcher - Practitioner on Hodges' model since 1987

Born in Liverpool, NW England, UK.
Community Mental Health Nurse NHS, Part-time Lecturer,
Researcher Nursing & Technology Enhanced Learning

Registered Nurse - Mental Health & General
Community Psychiatric Nursing (Cert.) MMU
PG Cert. Ed.
BA(Joint Hons.) Computing and Philosophy - BIHE - Bolton
PG(Dip.) Collaboration on Psychosocial Education [COPE] Univ. Man.
MRES. e-Research and Technology Enhanced Learning, Lancaster Univ.

Live and work in NW England - seeking a global perspective.

The views expressed on W2tQ are entirely my own, unless stated otherwise.
Comments are disabled.
If you would like to get in touch please e-mail me at
h2cmng AT yahoo.co.uk

orcid.org/0000-0002-0192-8965

Being = Space X Action^*

* IO Magazine
Source: Reveal Digital , 01-01-1988
Contributed by: Charles Stein; Don Byrd; A.S. Yessenin-Volpin; Christer Hennix; Henry Flynt; Henry Flynt; George Quasha; Charles Stein; Christer Hennix; Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer; L.E.J. Brouwer; L.E.J. Brouwer; Charles Stein
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28038534

Can I use this model?

Hodges' model was created by Brian E. Hodges [Senior Lecturer, Retired] in the mid-1980s at what is now Manchester Metropolitan University.

Peter Jones, author / editor of this blog has championed Hodges' model as a personal initiative online since 1998, but discovered the model on the CPN(Cert.) course 1988. The driver is recognition of the increasing relevance - decade-by-decade - of Hodges' model as a primary resource for local, national, global and glocal (virtual) health and education.

Visitors to this blog, individuals and organisations, are invited to consider use of Hodges' model. Hodges' model is provided as an open educational resource (OER).

"Open Educational Resources are teaching and learning materials that you may freely use and reuse, without charge. OER often have a Creative Commons or GNU license that state specifically how the material may be used, reused, adapted, and shared." [Google, 8 Feb 2016]

CC CREATIVE COMMONS:

Hodges' model is assigned Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0):

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

OER is important for teaching, learning, and collaboration generally. Hodges' model is an ideal tool to span individual and global health care. Peter Jones encourages and will try to respond to support users interested in exploring how Hodges' model can support their work.

Post-publication I have learnt of new papers that have cited, or even used Hodges' model. This is very welcome news. If you are contemplating using h2cm, I'd be pleased to help. The aim is to see h2cm applied, especially in the real world, across disciplines and to help squeeze all the conceptual juice out of the model as per your context.

BIBLIOGRAPHY & Citations for Hodges' model

Please note the website - p-jones.demon.co.uk listed in many papers below is no longer active and maintained. 'Demon' ceased operating as an internet provider in 2015.

The former website 1998-2015 is archived at: https://web.archive.org/web/19990501185433/http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/index.htm
- The site as a whole - internal links may not work as intended. (I have a copy of the original).

April 23 2025: There is a link to the archived POLITICAL links page, listed under 'External links': https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science
Which is itself a useful page.

A new site for introductory materials and Brian Hodges' original notes will follow (one day!?) ...

Hodges, B.E. (1989) The Health Career Model, IN, Hinchcliffe, S.M. (et al.) 1989 Nursing Practice and Health Care, 1st Edition only, London, Edward Arnold.

Adams, T. (1987) Dementia is a family affair. Community Outlook, Feb, 7-8.

Jones, P. (1999) It's time to master the latest tools and Hodges' Health Career Model, IT in Nursing, 11.2.

Jones, P. (2004) Viewpoint: Can informatics and holistic multidisciplinary care be harmonised? British Journal of Healthcare Computing & Information Management, 21, 6, 17-18.

Jones, P. (2004) The Four Care Domains: Situations Worthy of Research. Conference: Building & Bridging Community Networks: Knowledge, Innovation & Diversity through Communication, Brighton, UK.

Jones, P. (2008) Exploring Serres’ Atlas, Hodges’ Knowledge Domains and the Fusion of Informatics and Cultural Horizons, IN Kidd, T., Chen, I. (Eds.) Social Information Technology Connecting Society and Cultural Issues, Idea Group Publishing, Inc. Chap. 7, pp. 96-109.

Jones, P. (2009) Socio-Technical Structures, the Scope of Informatics and Hodges’ model, IN, Staudinger, R., Ostermann, H., Bettina Staudinger, B. (Eds.), Handbook of Research in Nursing Informatics and Socio-Technical Structures, Idea Group Publishing, Inc. Chap. 11, pp. 160-174.

Kernohan, G. (2010) Theoretical review of public engagement in Nursing. Proc 1st Public Engagement Colloquium, Kells, Co Antrim, 22 April.

Merritt MK, Procter N. Conceptualising the functional role of mental health consultation-liaison nurse in multi-morbidity, using Peplau's nursing theory. Contemp Nurse. 2010 Feb-Mar;34(2):158-66. doi: 10.5172/conu.2010.34.2.158. PMID: 20509800.

Murphy, K., Welford C. (2012) Agenda for the future: enhancing autonomy for older people in residential care.International Journal of Older People Nursing. 7, 75–80.

Jones, P. (2012). Exploring several dimensions of local, global and glocal using the generic conceptual framework Hodges's model. The Journal Of Community Informatics. 8(3). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/3794699/Reflecting_on_the_glocal_through_the_conceptual_framework_of_Hodges_s_model

Doyle, M., Jones, P. (2013). Hodges’ Health Career Model and its role and potential application in forensic mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 20, 7, 631-640.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01961.x/abstract

Jones P. (2014) Using a conceptual framework to explore the dimensions of recovery and their relationship to service user choice and self-determination. International Journal of Person Centered Medicine. Vol 3, No 4, (2013) pp.305-311.

Bom, J. (2015) Geboeid signaleren. De Verpleegkundig Specialist. 10. 14-15. 10.1007/s40884-015-0051-z.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287798586_Geboeid_signaleren

Dickens, G.L. & Doyle, M. (2015) Mentally disordered firesetters in secure mental health care: a forensic mental health nursing perspective (Chapter 17) IN, The Psychology of Arson, 1st Ed., (Eds.) Doley, R.M., Dickens, G.L., Gannon, T., pages 260-275; Routledge., ISBN: 978-0-415-81069-2

Fox, S., FitzGerald, C., Harrison Dening, K., Irving, K., Kernohan, W.G., Treloar, A., Oliver, D., Guerin, S., Timmons, S., (2017). Better palliative care for people with a dementia: summary of interdisciplinary workshop highlighting current gaps and recommendations for future research. BMC Palliative Care 17, 9. doi:10.1186/s12904-017-0221-0

Jones P. Exploring the relationship of threshold concepts and Hodges’ model of care from the individual to populations and global health. Rev Cuid. 2017; 8(3): 1697-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v8i3.464

Maffissoni, André & Vendruscolo, Carine & De Lima Trindade, Letícia & Zocche, Denise. (2018). Redes de atenção à saúde na formação em enfermagem: interpretações a partir da atenção primária à saúde. Revista Cuidarte. 9. 1-13.

Holmes, D. Perron, A. Jacob, J.D. Paradis-Gagné, É. & Gratton, S (2018). Pratique en milieu de psychiatrie légale: proposition d’un modèle interdisciplinaire, (Practice in forensic psychiatry: A proposed interdisciplinary model). Recherche en soins infirmiers, 134, 33-43. DOI: 10.3917/rsi.134.0033

Ashiquer Rahman, S.K. (2019) Mobilizing ePLANETe.Blue knowledge mediation portal to deal with new challenges of sustainable development in Higher Education and Research Etablishments (HERE) from a perspective of Knowledge Economy. Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l’Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. École doctorale n°578 Sciences de l’homme et de la societé Spécialité de doctorat : Sciences Économiques.

Kennedy, Harry G. (2019). National Forensic Mental Health Service (NFMHS) Model of Care. 10.13140/RG.2.2.30103.59041.

Hayward, B.A. (2020), Mental health nursing in bushfire‐affected communities: An autoethnographic insight. Int J Mental Health Nurs. doi:10.1111/inm.12765

Iris Lohja, Yves Demazeau, Christine Verdier. A multi-agent system approach to dynamic ridesharing for older people: State-of-the-art work and preliminary design. 18èmes Rencontres des Jeunes Chercheurs en Intelligence Artificielle, RJCIA’20, Jun 2020, Angers, France. pp.52-59. ⟨hal-02897446⟩

Byrt R. Forensic Mental Health Nursing in Secure Hospitals and the Criminal Justice System. Nurs Health Care Int J. 2019, 3(2): 000176.

Hamilton EAA, Dornan L, Sinclair M, McCoy J, Hanna-Trainor L, Kernohan WG. A scoping review protocol: Mapping the range of policy-related evidence influencing maternal health outcomes in a fragile, low-income country. J Adv Nurs. 2021 Jul 20. doi: 10.1111/jan.14956. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34288043.

Elien G Neimeijer (2021) "CLOSE(D) CARE: Group climate in a secure forensic setting for individuals with mild intellectual disability." Radboud University, ISBN: 978-94-6416-713-9 https://www.trajectum.nl/sites/default/files/proefschrift_e._neimeijer_pdf.pdf

Fryer, Jon. “Information Literacies – Learning, to Thrive in a Digital Age” IRMS Bulletin 230 (2022): 16-21.

Kistler KB, Tyndall DE. Application of the Threshold Concept Framework in Nursing: An Integrative Review. Nurse Educ. 2022 Mar-Apr 01;47(2):91-95. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000001041. PMID: 34033613.

Jones P, Wirnitzer K. Hodges’ model: the Sustainable Development Goals and public health – universal health coverage demands a universal framework. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2022;5:doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000254

Kernohan, W. G., & Jones, P. (2023). Hodges’ Health Care Model as a Framework for Quality. Paper presented at Interprofessional work: developing oral care and the health workforce for the future, Brescia, Italy.
https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/hodges-health-care-model-as-a-framework-for-quality

Above paper cited by:
Leung, T.C.H., You, C.SX. (2023). Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Promotion to Different Stakeholder Groups. In: Environmental, Social and Governance and Sustainable Development in Healthcare. Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1564-4_6

Yadav, V. S., & Singh, B. (2023). Evaluating the Human Rights Perspective on Sustainable Development Goals Accessible Health Coverage. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(6), e1254. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i6.1254

Kernohan, WG, Dornan, L & Jones, P 2023, 'A reflection on Hodges' Health Career Model for integration of health innovation', Trinity Health and Education International Research Conference 2023, Dublin, Ireland, 7/03/23 - 9/03/23.

McLaughlin, P., Brady, P., Carabellese, F., Carabellese, F., Parente, L., Uhrskov Sorensen, L., . . . Kennedy, H. (2023). Excellence in forensic psychiatry services: International survey of qualities and correlates. BJPsych Open, 9(6), E193. doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.578

Kainat Asmat (2024). Practice Without Theory: A Philosophical Inquiry into Contemporary Nursing in South Asia: Nursing Practice without Theory. International Journal of Practice-based Learning in Health and Social Care. 12. 125-131. 10.18552/ijpblhsc.v12i2.1068.

Güner, Y., Delibalta, B., Üçüncüoğlu, M., Paslı, S. (2025). Challenges encountered by emergency nurses in forensic case management: A qualitative study, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Volume 109, 102807, ISSN 1752-928X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102807.

Jones, P. (2025). A Conceptual Mapping Exercise of Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards in Residential & Community Care Using Hodges' Model and Threshold Concepts. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 31: e70085. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.70085

Ardenny Ardenny, Le Hoang Nam, Pham Anh Tu (2025). Sustainable Health Model: Increasing Universal Access to Health Services in Remote Areas. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing. 3. DOI: 10.70177/health.v3i1.1907

Jones, P. (2025), A Generic Model and Conceptual Framework to Prime Curiosity Across Health and Social Care Disciplines to Facilitate Lifelong Learning. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 31: e70252. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.70252

Wirnitzer KC, Motevalli M, Tanous DR, Drenowatz C, Moser M, Cramer H, Rosemann T, Wagner K-H, Michalsen A, Knechtle B, Fras Z, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Marques A, Mis NF, Stanford FC, Schubert C, Goswami N, Leitzmann C, Fredriksen PM, Ruedl G, Wilflingseder D, Lima RA, Kessler C, Jeitler M, Khan NA, Joulaei H, Fatemi M, Knight A, Kratky KW, Palmer KK, Haditsch B, Jakse B, Kofler W, Pfeiffer T, Cordova-Pozo K, Tortella P, Straub S, Lynch H, Schätzer M, Krishnan A, Fathima A. S, Gatterer L, Kriwan F, Abhishek M, Nandgaonkar H, Nandgaonkar S, Adedara AO, Haro JM, Gericke C, Neumann G, Akhtar A, Rashidlamir A, Thangavelu M, Ngoumou GB, Perpék É, Klaper M, Bhattacharya B, Kirschner W, Bessems KMHH, Jones P, Peoples G, Bescos R, Duftner C, Seifert G (2025). Toward a roadmap for addressing today's health dilemma–The 101-statement consensus report., Volume 12:1676080. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1676080. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1676080.

Short form: Wirnitzer, KC. et al. (2025) Toward a roadmap for addressing today's health dilemma – The 101-statement consensus report. Frontiers in Nutrition. Volume 12. https://frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1676080 DOI:10.3389/fnut.2025.1676080

[ For Dr Wirnitzer's work please see:

The NURMI-Study (NURMI – Nutrition and Running high Mileage)
https://www.facebook.com/nurmistudy

From Science 2 School: Nachhaltig gesund – bewegt & veggie
https://www.science2.school/ ]

S. Bettiol, P. Jones, H. A. Onyedikachi, and W. G. Kernohan, (2026) Bridging Gaps in Oral Health Frameworks: Mapping With Hodges' Health Career - Care Domains - Model, Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.70034.

Simms, V., Jacobs, N., Magee, J., De Ornellas, K., Mollik, E., Kernohan, W. G., Leacock, J., Akter, J., Sempey, C., Beech, S. E., Naz Asif, R., Yap, L. K., & Miller, K. (2026, Jan 16). Ulster University Open Research Conference 2026: Conference Speaker Abstracts. Ulster University. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.21251/0d7780ce-ce97-468f-b5d5-69201ca90b20

-=<>=-

As a source Hughes (1958) below, is clearly dated. Brian Hodges referenced Hughes to define ‘health career’, fundamentally linked to the idea of life chances.

Hughes, E. (1958) Men and their work. New York: Free Press.

A paper in 1977 refers to "Health career model", this is not Hodges' model, but we can match the paper's econometric context as follows: 'health career' equates with 'life chances' and so draws upon the model's INDIVIDUAL domains. While in the paper "Life-cycle and Quality of Life" can be matched with the COLLECTIVE domains of Hodges' model, namely, SOCIOLOGICAL and POLITICAL. Of course, Quality of Life is also an individual, subjective, phenomenological experience. The paper however preempts the ongoing focus upon SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, and more generally, the current state of our Social and Political contracts. Now the further differentiation of political, commercial, geopolitical determinants (where we are born, what 'papers' we possess, or not; are we State/Stateless) is an opportunity for Hodges' model.
The ability of Hodges' model to encompass and switch contexts provides evidence of the model's potential and power, a result of its structure and situated content. In health and social care, Quality of Life (clearly) remains an individual AND collective matter, from individual assessment tools, to weighing the ethics, benefits and costs of interventions in collective - aggregated terms (QALY).
"900: Welfare Programs; Consumer Economics; Urban and Regional Economics." (1977). Journal of Economic Literature, 15(4), 1451–1457. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2723014

The two papers below pre-date the first website [1998-2015 webarchived], but show how I have subsequently stressed the role of information, informatics and the socio-technical within Hodges model as a unifying concept. I have copious notes to revisit this subject, on: post-COVID and dis- mis- malinformation; and nursing's legacy issues.

Jones, P. (1996) Humans, Information, and Science, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(3),591-598.

Jones, P. (1996) An overarching theory of health communication? Health Informatics Journal,2,1,28-34.

Finally some software publications from the microcomputer era.

Jones, P. (1986) Computing in Nursing NEWS. Computerised Patient Assessment. Nursing Times. 85: 5. Sep 3-9;82(36):63-5. PMID: 3532039
(Describes 'CAPA', a BBC microcomputer program for student nurses.)

Jones, P. (1989) Computers in Nursing NEWS. Creating a Program. Nursing Times. Feb 1-7;85(5):66-8. PMID: 2648342
(Describes 'HAEM', a BBC microcomputer program for student nurses on blood and blood groups.)

Please contact me if you have a paper referencing Hodges' model, or you have a project in mind, but need some advice, more information to help you use the model. Thank you.

@h2cm

h2cmng AT yahoo.co.uk

PREVIOUSLY:

PRESENTED: 21st April - 6th World Conference on Complex Systems - WCCS 2026
April, 20-22, 2026
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir-Marrakesh, Morocco

Patient Safety Management Network
Online Network Meeting, 1st August 2025 2-3pm

RCN NW Regional Conference - 'Navigating Avoidable Harms'
Quaker Meeting House, 22 School Lane, Liverpool, L1 3BT.
25th June, 10am - 3pm

14th Panhellenic Conference on Alzheimer's Disease
February 13–16th, 2025
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AI for One Health and Planetary Health: Where Are We?
British Computer Society Specialist Group on Artificial Intelligence
Friday November 8th 2024
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The European Forum for the Study of Religion and the Environment
MYTH, RITUAL AND PRACTICE FOR THE AGE OF ECOLOGICAL CATASTROPHE
Online: Potsdam, May 17 - 19, 2024

Society for the Phenomenology of Religious Experience (SOPHERE)
Conference 2023: Religious Experience and the Phenomenology of Nature
16th – 19th August 2023

Improving University Teaching - Hybrid Conference
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21th Annual STS Conference Graz 2023:
online: "Critical Issues in Science, Technology and Society Studies"
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https://stsconf.tugraz.at/

Information & Records Management Society: IRMS22 - Resilience, Recovery, Renewal
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8th Biennial Threshold Concepts Conferences Online, 7–9 July 2021

Global Remote and Rural Healthcare
(Virtual) 17-18th November 2020

ATTENDED:

Systems: Transition to a Sustainable World
15th September 2023, Richmond Building, University of Portsmouth

RCGP’s 7th Health and Justice Summit: Journeys Through Justice – Leadership and Transformation
Bristol, 25-26 November 2019

Participant: Re-envisaging Infection Practice Ecologies in Nursing through Arts and Humanities Approaches
Spring 2018 - October 2019

Threshold Concepts in Action, University of Dundee: 27th-28th June 2019
Friday 28th June 2019: Threshold Concepts in Health Special Interest Group meeting. Morning: papers/discussion with virtual access for members at a distance; Afternoon: research/writing workshop; sharing advice and ideas

Presented at UKSS Conference 2018
UK Systems Society: Can systemic thinking reshape health services?

Presented at 4th Int. Nursing Conference Jordan
The Tipping Point: Creative Solutions to Health and Nursing Challenges
"نقطة التحول: حلول خلاقة للتحديات الصحية والتمريضية"

April 23-24, 2013
Amman, Jordan

Hodges' Model: Welcome to the QUAD

Wednesday, March 17, 2021

Does “#AI” stand for Augmenting Inequality in the era of Covid-19 healthcare? c/o BMJ

Hodges' model also known as 'Hodges' Health Career Model' H2CM

Total Pageviews

Hodges' Health Career - Care Domains - Model

Brian E. Hodges (1942-2022) RIP

Peter Jones: Blog author & editor - 2006 ...

Researcher - Practitioner on Hodges' model since 1987

Being = Space X Action^*

An A4 TEMPLATE link for Hodges' model

Last 7 days ...

Blog Archive

Can I use this model?

CC CREATIVE COMMONS:

Nodes & Edges: Structure Content distinct

Self Care + Planetary Care = Future

THE WORLD NEEDS 2020 VISION

BIBLIOGRAPHY & Citations for Hodges' model

Partner Links

Conference Plans . . .

PREVIOUSLY:

Selected Tags from >2500

The Jena Declaration

Library Thing

Hodges' Model: Welcome to the QUAD

Wednesday, March 17, 2021

Does “#AI” stand for Augmenting Inequality in the era of Covid-19 healthcare? c/o BMJ

Hodges' model also known as 'Hodges' Health Career Model' H2CM

Total Pageviews

Hodges' Health Career - Care Domains - Model

Brian E. Hodges (1942-2022) RIP

Peter Jones: Blog author & editor - 2006 ...

Researcher - Practitioner on Hodges' model since 1987

Being = Space X Action*

An A4 TEMPLATE link for Hodges' model

Last 7 days ...

Blog Archive

Can I use this model?

CC CREATIVE COMMONS:

Nodes & Edges: Structure Content distinct

Self Care + Planetary Care = Future

THE WORLD NEEDS 2020 VISION

BIBLIOGRAPHY & Citations for Hodges' model

Partner Links

Conference Plans . . .

PREVIOUSLY:

Selected Tags from >2500

The Jena Declaration

Library Thing

Being = Space X Action^*