Hodges' Model: Welcome to the QUAD: deaths

Hodges' model is a conceptual framework to support reflection and critical thinking. Situated, the model can help integrate all disciplines (academic and professional). Amid news items, are posts that illustrate the scope and application of the model. A bibliography and A4 template are provided in the sidebar. Welcome to the QUAD ...

Showing posts with label deaths. Show all posts
Showing posts with label deaths. Show all posts

Saturday, July 11, 2026

"Train midwives as nurses" - Ockenden

Re. Ockenden Report

Catching up on the newspapers, I noticed in the Times reporting of Ockenden calling for midwives to train as nurses first. Provoking debate about nurse education.

Within maternity services there are problems with continuity of care and skills in dealing with complex cases:

'Maternal Deaths 

60. The Review examined 27 maternal deaths that occurred between 2006-2024. Five cases fell outside of the Terms of Reference of the Review. Of the 22 remaining cases, reviewers identified failures in care that may have or substantially impacted on the outcome in six deaths. 

61. The profile of maternal deaths at NUH over this period broadly aligned with the known demographics and causes as identified by MBRRACE. 11 of the deaths occurred to women living in the most deprived areas of the city and 14 occurred amongst women who were not white British.

62. The common failures reviewers identified that might prevent future maternal deaths included: listening to women and families and acting promptly on concerns; continuity of care particularly for those with additional social/medical complexities; robust clinical governance to ensure timely information sharing across organisations and prompt access to imaging for women presenting with concerning neurological symptoms.' xiv

AI Overview (Ecosia) suggests that although direct entry to midwifery has always been possible(?), the English National Board created the pathway some 39 years ago.

The Ockenden Report describes how in combination health systems, culture, leadership and training can contribute to compassion fatigue (p.313).

When you look at Hodges' model and our languages, a great many challenges for curricula, training and education programmes can be found. The most powerful of what can be progressive, or threats are invariably mechanistic:

  • shorten
  • bypass
  • shortcut
  • cutting corners
  • short-circuit

Nursing must always move forward, continuous professional development is built on this principle. In the late 70s and 1980s post-registered qualifications were held in high esteem. Especially midwifery, paediatrics, health visiting, emergency and intensive care. 

Clearly, decision and policymakers can underestimate the value of basic nurse training. Having an idea since childhood is brilliant, but at interview saying you're compassionate and want to make a difference will soon be tested. Sometimes as a student rather bluntly, as with a first placement in forensic nursing. I wonder how many students have been lost there? I'm sure the majority will cope, manage, enjoy and prosper, but I've seen the student peers who miss these cohort members on subsequent learning experiences. What preparation is employed?

Basic nurse training, is just that. Demonstrating competence in communication, awareness of basic needs and how these are expressed behaviourally. What interpersonal skills and knowledge are needed. As highlighted before, the director of nurse education worried about those of us who worked as nursing assistants risked being trained in poor care. Not recognising 'bad practice', a 'poor attitude', not using observation and most important of all listening: to what is said and unsaid. When I started I remember thinking about not responding - as individually programmed to do so, through a reflex action. That was a worry back then. 

While the news in the Ockenden Report is bleak. The depth of the report (for me) is manifest in identification of not only socioeconomic factors, but sociotechnical too (with five mentions) and the critical interplay of seeing (and hearing!) the individual amid the collective:

'2. Fetal monitoring

Rather than reflecting simple failures of individual interpretation, growing evidence suggests that intrapartum fetal monitoring is best understood as a complex sociotechnical practice, shaped by system design, workload, team dynamics, guideline variability and organisational culture.119 Continuous CTG itself has well-recognised limitations, including poor specificity for predicting long-term neonatal outcomes and substantial inter- and intra-observer variation in interpretation.5 Reviews of intrapartum care are therefore unavoidably influenced by retrospective bias, with greater apparent clarity afforded by knowledge of the outcome than was available to clinicians at the time. 

However, despite this, a sociotechnical understanding does not negate the importance of examining individual cases in which intrapartum monitoring was demonstrably substandard. National inquiries and confidential reviews repeatedly describe cases involving sustained failure to recognise pathological fetal heart-rate patterns, delayed escalation despite repeated triggers, and missed opportunities for timely intervention. 2,3,120,121 These cases cannot be explained solely by the inherent limitations of CTG or by hindsight bias.' p.143.

It is quite shocking to hear this conclusion: the need to train as a nurse first. Counterarguments: where is the evidence(?!) - have followed. But then if you undervalue and miss the fundamentals (see Hodges' model!) then individuals, families, communities, students, practitioners, services and systems suffer.

Previously: 'maternity' : 'report' : 'safety'

Wednesday, June 24, 2026

Independent report - Ockenden review into maternity services at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust

FINAL REPORT: 

'This independent review of maternity services at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (NUH) considered the quality of care relating to newborn, infant and maternal harm at the trust.

This report covers the findings, conclusions and essential actions of this independent review of maternity services.

Based on a review of over 2,500 family cases that formed part of this investigation, the final report outlines:

  • local actions for learning that staff at the trust must do
  • system-wide learnings
  • immediate and essential actions to improve maternity and neonatal care

The Independent Maternity Review (known as the Ockenden review) was led by Donna Ockenden and involved a multi-professional team of more than 160 reviewers. The review team held individual meetings with over 500 families, and more than 830 current and former staff at NUH engaged with the review.'


https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6a3bb59c4c7605ab567238ec/ockenden-report-review-of-maternity-services-nottingham-university-hospitals-nhs-trust-e-lay.pdf

https://www.ockendenmaternityreview.org.uk/

individual
|
INTERPERSONAL
: SCIENCES             
humanistic ------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL   
|
group
 

listening

 
 Communication
Processes 
Health Systems
mothers
families
experience
LISTENING
staffing
funding

Previously: 'maternity' : 'risk' : 'safety' : 'compassion'

Thursday, June 18, 2026

Evidence sent to Cumbria Police about 61 baby deaths at church-run home c/o ITV News

'Some babies born with disabilities were denied medical help because they were judged unadoptable, as ITV News Social Affairs Correspondent Sarah Corker reports


Evidence has been submitted to Cumbria Police in connection with allegations of historical abuse at a church-run mother and baby institution where more than 60 newborn babies died, following an ITV News investigation.

A new report by Dr Michael Lambert, an historian of the welfare state at Lancaster University, has outlined a high infant death rate at St Monica’s home in Kendal.

The report concluded that the deaths were due to a combination of failings, including inadequate facilities, malpractice and poor care from those delivering babies and a lack of oversight from the church and state.

Analysis of public health records, alongside birth and death certificates, indicated that children with disabilities born at the mother and baby home were deemed "un-adoptable" and denied modern medical care, according to the new research.'

individual
|
INTERPERSONAL
: SCIENCES             
humanistic ------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL   
|
group
emotional neglect and abuse
 grief, trauma and guilt
 shame
 
physical neglect and abuse
 high infant death rate
inadequate facilities
malpractice


mother and baby  
social / societal punishment 
public health 


 institutions
 criminal investigation
 records              



Source: ITV: NW News and https://www.itv.com/news/2026-06-09/evidence-sent-to-cumbria-police-about-61-baby-deaths-at-church-run-home

Monday, February 16, 2026

Webinar [18th] Maternal Mortality and the impact of health system stability

Dear IBP Network Colleagues,

Please see the webinar happening this week!

Maternal deaths are increasingly concentrated in humanitarian and fragile settings. This webinar will present key findings, aligned with the latest maternal mortality ratio data published in 2025.

🌍 Speakers from HRP and WHO will discuss trends, data gaps and implications for policy and programmes, with country case studies from Myanmar, Haiti, Papua New Guinea and Ukraine, as well as perspectives from UNFPA.

🧭 The session will explore how health system stability can help protect maternal health amid conflict, fragility and crisis.

The session will be in English with French interpretation

Register Here:
https://bit.ly/4kAKloC

 

My source: 

Nandita Thatte, DrPH

Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health

World Health Organization

Geneva, Switzerland

Email: thatten AT who.int

ibpnetwork.org

Sunday, November 09, 2025

c/o HIFA - Publications re. primary health care & community health

Dear [HIFA] friends and colleagues with an interest in primary health care and community health:

Since my last communication with you more than 6 months ago, the entire field of global health has continued to be upended by our US government, with unconscionable effects on millions of people around the world, on advancements in global health research and its ethical foundations, and on the careers of thousands and thousands of people working around the world in the field of global health. As I said before, and I repeat now the obvious, it will take decades to build back what has been destroyed and to regain respect from the rest of the world for the United States and the values that most of us hold dear.

William Foege, eminent global health leader and former Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention wrote this biting editorial <https://www.statnews.com/2025/08/18/rfk-jr-public-health-threats-william-foege-smallpox/> in which he said, among other things, 

"We will live through this drought of values, principles and facts and again apply our talents to improving global health and happiness. Do not back down.”
Atul Gwande, now one of the foremost champions of primary health care and community health of our time (even though he is, like me, an erstwhile surgeon!) and former Director of the USAID Bureau of Global Health during the Biden administration, gave an eloquent presentation of his perspective on the aftermath of the destruction of USAID on 28 April 2025 at the Harvard School of Public Health.

You can watch this here:
<https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=Atul+Gwande+presentation+at+Harvard+School+of+Public+Health+April+28%2c+2025&mid=26DA144398CF1F613D0A26DA144398CF1F613D0A&FORM=VIRE>.

Here are a few items of possible interest:

The Fourth International Symposium on CHWs will be held virtually next week.

I was most fortunate to be able to attend the second International Conference on Primary Health Care was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from October 6-10. It was a glorious event, with 750 attendees, mostly from Africa but with strong representation from UNICEF, WHO, Africa CDC, and other international organizations. 

The conference was sponsored by the International Institute for Primary Health Care – Ethiopia. <https://iphce.org/> Directors of PHC from 45 different African countries were present along with at least 50 community health workers from across Africa. There was palpable enthusiasm for the growing momentum for PHC across Africa.

Abhay and Rani Bang are world-renowned champions of community-based primary health care through their work with SEARCH <https://www.searchforhealth.ngo/> (Society for Education, Action, and Research) in Gadchiroli, India, with tribal people. Their seminal publications on the effectiveness of community-based primary health care and community health workers as well as their contributions to India’s national program for reducing neonatal mortality through home-based neonatal care, among others, have gained for them global recognition. Attached is an English translation of an article about their life’s work that was published in April Der Spiegel in the leading German magazine, Der Spiegel.

Nicholas Kristof has continued to share with the world some of the heart wrenching effects of the collapse of the United States Agency for International Development. The New York Times opinion columnist wrote <https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/20/opinion/trump-usaid-cuts.html> on 20 September 2025 on the human dimension of the shutdown of USAID, citing estimates that 690,000 will die in 2025 and 829,00 will die in 2026 as a result of cutbacks in USAID funding, and 3.1 million children will die during Trump’s second term from these cuts (a PDF is attached if the link doesn’t work for you [mod: HIFA does not carry attachments]).

Two recent publications on novel approaches to reducing child mortality have gained widespread attention.

One study <https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w34152/w34152.pdf> in Kenya provided a one-time transfer of $1,000 to poor families and observed a decline of nearly half in under-5 mortality as well as in infant mortality. Another study reported that wrapping

A recently reported study <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12462887/> from Uganda found that giving mothers fabric treated with permethrin, a long-acting insecticide to protect against mosquito-born illnesses, as a baby wrap dramatically reduced malaria infections in the infants carried in them. There were 66 percent fewer cases among those children compared with babies in the untreated wraps. By the end of the six-month study, only 16 percent of children in the treated wrap group had been sick with malaria, compared with 34 percent in the untreated wrap group, many of whom had multiple malaria episodes.

Now available for purchase on Amazon.com are several important publications related to community-based primary health care and community workers.

Feel free to share this email and these resources with anyone else or with any relevant listserve you may have access to.

You are receiving this email because of your interest in primary health care and community health.

If you know of anyone that you think would like to be included in the listserv, just send me the person’s name and email address.

Warm regards, Henry

Henry B. Perry, MD, PhD, MPH Senior Associate, Health Systems Program Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, USA 21205 Hperry2 AT jhu.edu

HIFA profile: Henry Perry is a Senior Scientist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA. Professional interests: Community health and primary health care. hperry2 AT jhu.edu

Monday, May 20, 2024

NHS Contaminated Blood Scandal UK

UK  - World

Why we need always to acknowledge 
the political in health and health in politics

Individual
|
      INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC  --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
 SOCIOLOGY  :    POLITICAL 
|
Group

"In an interim report, the inquiry chair, Sir Brian Langstaff, said 'wrongs were done at individual, collective and systemic levels'."

                                                                    (UP)
contaminated       blood                             
blood            donors     'dying for 

COVER
 UP


 
scandal            paid          justice'    
(screening?)







My source: Various - over several decades.

Photograph: Daily Express
https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1795449/rishi-sunak-infected-blood-inquiry-heckled-booed

Wednesday, April 03, 2024

Exceptional Events . . . . . . .

Individual
|
      INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC  --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
 SOCIOLOGY  :    POLITICAL 
|
Group

Exceptional person(s)

C/o AP - Aol

"The exception to the rule."

"... avoid civilian casualties
as no other army in history ..."

deconfliction



Previously:
From - https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=Palestine

BBC Today and PM, 3 April 2024.

Images:
https://www.aol.com/news/aid-organizations-suspend-operations-gaza-190605787.html

https://cdn-01.media-brady.com/store/sifr/media/catalog/product/s/i/sifr_cx3a_1_std.lang.all.gif

Sunday, October 02, 2022

Patient navigation model - Paper: mapped to h2cm


On twitter I learned of an EU project @CANCERLESS_EU and an initial paper:

 Exploring the application of the navigation model with people experiencing homelessness: a scoping review, Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, DOI: 10.1080/10530789.2021.2021363

Phrases like 'navigation', 'architecture', 'maps' are a trigger so after some tweets, I was kindly directed to the above paper.

Here, I'm mapping patient navigation and related concepts I have added, to Hodges' model.


"Patient navigation is a community-based and person-centered intervention, whereby a named worker – the navigator – supports and guides individuals to overcome the barriers they face in accessing healthcare services and works to facilitate timely and appropriate access to care for the individual as well as their relatives, and caregivers, when needed (Freeman, 2012; Wang et al., 2015)."

 INDIVIDUAL
|
 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 
|
GROUP
psycho-
depression, anxiety,
distress, trauma (psyche)
serious mental health
substance misuse
dual diagnosis

vulnerability
isolated

difficult to engage, missing appointments, no designated point of access - Address

Personally reliant on welfare/benefits for finance - phone contact sporadic.

providing emotional support, phone, transport
Hit by energy costs/rent (pre-payment)
if finding a place.
hopelessness, lack of trust - let down many times? Stigmatized attitudes towards treatment?
tailored health education

asocial (due to lived experience, trauma..?)

-geography
low-income areas, or areas with a high proportion of ethnic minorities or migrants
USA - other nations - terminology?

method: scoping review, literature search,
inc. exc criteria
interventions tailored to age and gender

respiratory conditions,
trauma (physical)
excess winter mortality

"homeless population having an average age at death of just 47, 30 years lower than that for the general population"

exposure to activities known to
increase risk of cancer
HIV patients
data - inc. no-show rates
in-person / phone

Timeliness of screening, intervention

Navigators - lay persons,
or clinical professionals

Lived experience, "near peer" family

Training for Navigators

organizing and attending appointments and facilitating self-care/self-management

clinical and community settings, parks, pavements, and homeless encampments,
home visits, walking and support groups

*
risk of stigmatization and
experienced discrimination

navigation less successful with certain groups?


Underserved, marginalized people
Homelessness
High-risk of poor health-related outcomes
reported barriers

access to appropriate healthcare for this population are also often compounded by lack of insurance, legal problems*...

...the PN model has been associated with a reduction in hospital costs, and even in some cases, increased revenue

histories of offending and/or care
women in rural areas
non-specific vulnerable populations

reduce incarceration, vocational and volunteering activities, access to housing


Christina Carmichael, Lee Smith, Edelweiss Aldasoro, Alejandro Gil Salmerón, Tamara Alhambra-Borrás, Ascensión Doñate-Martínez, Radhika Seiler-Ramadas & Igor Grabovac (2022) Exploring the application of the navigation model with people experiencing homelessness: a scoping review, Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, DOI: 10.1080/10530789.2021.2021363

Saturday, September 24, 2022

'ABCD' mapped to '1234'*

For context [UK politics and policy] please see below ...

INDIVIDUAL
|
 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 
|
GROUP

BACKLOGS

Person-centred: "Am I there yet?"
Service-centred: "Are we there yet?"


AMBULANCES

'Just in TI:ME' [not]

Hand-me-over-why-don't-you?


(Social) CARE


DOCTORS

DENTISTS


"Sally Warren, director of policy at The King’s Fund,
said that Our Plan for Patients ‘amounts to little more
than tinkering at the edges’ despite containing some
‘sensible’ policies."     https://www.nursinginpractice.com/


Whether tinkering or not, don't forget and do take care around all the edges.
Do 'C' the low-hanging fruit.

[Just to be clear: This isn't about in boxes.
It's about integrating care, values, quality and safety. ]

https://www.nursinginpractice.com/latest-news/therese-coffeys-plan-for-social-care-only-short-term-solution/

^ and '5' the Spiritual too.

Context:

"Thérèse Anne Coffey is a British politician who has been Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Secretary of State for Health and Social Care since 6 September 2022." Wikipedia.

"For Coffey, 'ABCD' stands for ambulances, backlogs, care, doctors and dentists – and rightly so." The Guardian

See also: c/o The Health Foundation

What are the public’s priorities for the NHS? And is the government listening?


Tuesday, June 14, 2022

"Address Pollution" - not just a P.O. Box ...


... and not just in the proper U-L quadrant ...



INDIVIDUAL

|
 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               
HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      
SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 
|
GROUP

Homeless?

No address?

Identity?




mental health*

self-report*

Address Pollution

Global issue of
street names,
having an address.

"LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND"

'POLITICAL FOG?'
TRANSPARENCY
OPACITY
reporting
ACTION


*Hautekiet, P., Saenen, N.D., Demarest, S. et al. Air pollution in association with mental and self-rated health and the mediating effect of physical activity. Environ Health 21, 29 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00839-x

See also:

https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=address

My source: @AddresPollutionhttps://twitter.com/imathematicians/status/1530724466073952261?s=20&t=eF1XRD9HbkSJ2XWWbIk2qQ

Wednesday, April 15, 2020

Forgotten Rationales ... ?

individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group - population



"One of the earliest attempts to systematically classify disease began with John Graunt’s mid-seventeenth-century examination of London’s Bills of Mortality (1939[1662]). London’s series of bubonic plague outbreaks in the first half of the seventeenth century served as the backdrop for Graunt’s statistical analysis. His primary objective was to develop a more comprehensive picture of London’s mortality in order to construct a disease-incident baseline from which to better understand the effects of plague, which tended to overshadow other causes of death. Essential to these objectives were the broader concerns for creating "population profiles through a study of causes of death" (Alter and Carmichael 1999, 121), which Graunt accomplished by estimating London’s population through a geographical analysis, allowing him to calculate crude mortality rates." p.96.



UK coronavirus: care providers allege
Covid-19 death toll underestimated

Care operators warn coronavirus may
 already be in more than
50% of nursing homes

(Robert Booth and Rowena Mason,
Wed 15 Apr 2020 07.09 BST.
The Guardian)



"Sydenham designed his nosology with the needs of the physician rather than those of the statistician in mind. Accordingly, Sydenham and Graunt produced different classification systems based on the distinct purposes for which they were intended. This distinction (clinical vs. demographic) played a more significant role in the nineteenth century, foreshadowing some of the tensions and cross-purposes that informed the development of modern classification systems. As Alter and Carmichael (1999, 121) note: 'The problematic relationship between causes of morbidity and causes of mortality thus presented an ideological barrier between the concerns of physicians and the interests of statisticians. ...one group were lumpers, the other splitters.'" p.97.



Beemer, Jeffrey Keith, "Social Meanings of Mortality: The Language of Death and Disease in 19th Century Massachusetts" (2011). Open Access Dissertations. 428.
https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/428


Q. Is the state of social care and the applicable policy and legislation under which it operates an example of an 'inverted ring-fence'? Discuss & debate, justifying key policy and legislation as you see it and the implications amid the COVID-19 crisis and future (health and social care) policy.
https://twitter.com/h2cm/status/1250405469929328647?s=20


Remember(?) also:
Forgotten Streams ...  

Sunday, August 04, 2019

Pandemic Bonds: Beware perverse incentives and instruments?

individual - self
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group- population



Geography
Number of Countries
Number of fatalities
Instruments: Legal, Science, Social, Policy, Financial ... ?


"On Wednesday [24 July], the World bank said it  would give $300m in grants and loans to DRC to step up its aid response.

But funding connected to the World Bank's pandemic bonds, issued in 2017 have been less forthcoming. One relatively small slice - the so-called "cash" element - has delivered $31.4m to help with the crisis."

Ebola's latest resurgence in central Africa has led to more than 1,700 fatalities. But for the insurance element of the bonds to pay out, the disease must cross an international border and there must be at least 20 fatalities in the second country.

The total possible insurance payout for Ebola is $150m and comes in three tranches: when 250, 750 and 2,500 people have died across at least two countries, $45m, $45m and $60m, respectively, will be disbursed."


Pandemic Bonds

World Bank:
Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility

DRC - Rwanda border


My source: Asgari, N. (2019) World Bank pandemic bonds spark Ebola anger, FT Weekend, 27-28 July, p.17.

Photograph - adapted from original by The Independent.

Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Book: "The Healing Next Time"

SELF - individual
|
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ----------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL
|
group - POPULATION


"Roy McFarlane’s second poetry collection, The Healing Next Time, is a timely and unparalleled book of interwoven sequences on institutional racism, deaths in custody and of a life story set against the ever-changing backdrop of Birmingham at the turn of the millennium. Here forms a potent and resolute narrative in lyrical and multidimensional poems which refuse to look the other way or accept the whitewashed version of events."

TIME

healing


Roy McFarlane, "The Healing Next Time"


Book cover artwork: Barbara Walker

My source: Richard Booth Bookshop, Hay-on-Wye

Sunday, February 24, 2013

A Nurse at the Front - book

The First World War Diaries of Sister Edith Appleton

Book cover: A nurse at the Front

This book, the second in a series of four unique War Diaries produced in conjunction with the Imperial War Museum, will tell a story that is rarely heard: the experiences of a nurse working close to the Western Front in the First World War. Incredibly, Edith Appleton served in France for the whole of the conflict. Her bravery and dedication won her the Military OBE, the Royal Red Cross and the Belgian Queen Elisabeth medal among others.

Her diary details with compassion all the horrors of the 'war to end wars', including the first use of poison gas and the terrible cost of battles such as Ypres, but she also records what life was like for nurses and how she spent her time off-duty. There are moments of humour amongst the tragedy, and even lyrical accounts of the natural beauty that still existed amidst all the destruction. [Publisher's description]