Affordances

Affordance

An affordance is a perceptual pattern with survival significance. Affordances are relational, rather than objective or subjective properties. As Gibson, who coined the term, observes, 'An important fact about the affordances of the environment is that they are in a sense objective, real, and physical, unlike values and meanings, which are often supposed to be subjective, phenomenal and mental. But, actually, an affordance is neither an objective property nor a subjective property; or it is both if you like. An affordance cuts across the dichotomy of subjective-objective and helps us to understand its inadequacy' (Gibson 1979, 129). 
[Proust, Glossary, p.309.]

 

INDIVIDUAL

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 INTERPERSONAL    :     SCIENCES               

HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      

SOCIOLOGY  :   POLITICAL 

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GROUP

subjective	objective

Re. 'Survival significance' ...

Does this make affordances relevant in clinical education, and education more generally?

What of assisted dying in theory, policy, law and practice?

Are there any implications for the models employed by artificial intelligence - LLMs, neurosymbolic reasoning / AI (wave x)?

Source: Joëlle Proust (2013). The Philosophy of Metacognition: Mental Agency and Self-Awareness.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN: 978-0-19-960216-2

Précis of The Philosophy of Metacognition:
https://joelleproust.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/pdf15.pdf 

See also: 'subject' : 'object' : 'affordance' : 'interface'

ii Big Mind: How Collective Intelligence Can Change Our World

'Everything we know is knowledge from the past, which may not apply in the future - the problem repeatedly stumbled on by models, algorithms, economic theories, and geopolitical dispositions, which made sense in one era, but then become dysfunctional in another. As social science has repeatedly discovered, the more you use a model, the less likely you are to question it. What starts as a pragmatic tool to answer a question becomes a truth in itself.

And so the models we use to think can also become traps. A model is held on to because it provides meaning and reassurance. Police forces notoriously cling to evidence they collect early in a case in the face of powerful contrary evidence that emerges later, and thus extraordinary miscarriages of justice result. The middle-aged cling to the theories they learned as undergraduates. Organizations become attached to models that become comfortable through use. I remember once meeting the planning team of a government that admitted that their forecasts had been no better than random guesses, but argued that the detailed forecasts were still needed to help with planning. The model became a comfort, even though it had no real use. 

Familiarity also breeds blindness. ...

Expertise can equally entrap. ...

 

The implication, as the Buddha pointed out, is that intelligence has to be at war with and suspicious of itself to be truly intelligent.' pp.120-121.

FIVE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE

'The first is the extent of what I call (1) autonomous commons of the intelligence in the system. By this I mean how much the elements of intelligence are allowed free rein, and not subordinated too easily to ego, hierachy, assumption, or ownership.' p.66. Chap. 5. Organizing Principles.

2. Balanced use of the capabilities of intelligence

3. Focus and the right granularity

4. Reflexivity and learning

5. Integration for action

 

'So a group is a we, but it is not just a scaling up of an I. How, then, should we think about the character of this we?' p.102. Chap. 9. The Collective.

 

Individual

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HUMANISTIC  --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      

 SOCIOLOGY  :    POLITICAL 

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Group

EGO	HIERARCHY
ASSUMPTION	OWNERSHIP

  

n.b. With my emphasis.

 

Geoff Mulgan (2017) Big Mind: How Collective Intelligence Can Change Our World, Princeton University Press.

Image: Princeton University Press.

See also: 'AI' : 'group' : 'axes' : 'individual'

 Previously:
Big Mind: How Collective Intelligence Can Change Our World

There is no need for models of nursing ... they are 'old hat'

'Old hat'

"In nursing, however, its neglect of theorising and its obsession with 'doing' without thought have meant there is no commonly accepted model. Furthermore, the huge differences in the settings and client groups associated with nurses make it impossible ever to arrive at such an all-embracing model." p.51. Alan Pearson.

Since, nurses do think. Psycho-socially they use an implicit model - as we all do.

The health and social care workforce would benefit from a shared model of care, as would the general population as per assessment of literacy and health literacy in particular.

"Most nurses live in communities like Tameside*, where local staff of varied academic, practical and intellectual abilities nurse local people. Thus I would like to emphasise two major points:

1. Models must be built, described and used in language that is accessible to all levels of nursing staff.
2. A nursing model which focuses solely on the patient, and neglects or under estimates the nurses themselves and the social backcloth of the hospital and community is of little value. ...
   

... Elsewhere in this volume McFarlane notes how each nurse carries with her a 'private image of nursing'. One of the steps to creating a working model of nursing is that those private worlds must be brought closer together, to work in common and as a whole." p.40. Steve Wright.

*Tameside is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. Hodges' model was created by Brian E. Hodges (Ret. Senior Lecturer) at Manchester Polytechnic College, now Manchester Metropolitan University.

B. Kershaw and J. Salvage (Eds)  (1986) Models for Nursing, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Limited.

Hat image: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-35243823

This nurse needs to 'think' less, and do, act.
 

"Your metacognitive fingerprint"

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"Why are some people more self-aware than others? Studies show that metacognition is a relatively stable trait, so if you tested your metacognition today, it is likely to be similar if you do the same test again tomorrow. Strikingly, it also seems that metacognition is independent of IQ and general cognitive ability: your metacognition can still be in good form as long as you recognise you are performing badly at a task. We still don't understand the origins of these individual differences, but one promising idea is that "explicit" metacognition is something we learn, based on feedback from our parents, teachers and social group. A genetic "starter kit" may establish forms of self-monitoring early in life and then our parents and teachers finish the job. But even in adulthood, these things aren't totally fixed (see main story), so this is one kind of fingerprint you can change." p.38.

finger p r i n t

- with my emphasis.

Fleming, Stephen. The power of self-reflection, New Scientist, 250,3333, 36-40. 8 May. 2021.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0262407921007946

I heard Stephen Fleming on the radio when the associated book was released last year - must buy a copy.

Still reading and enjoying 'Human Landscapes' with posts to follow.

See also: meta- meta- meta- +!

meta- meta- meta- +!

 

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HUMANISTIC --------------------------------------  MECHANISTIC      

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GROUP

META-COGNITIVE	META-GENOMICS
META-SOCIOLOGICAL	META-POLITICAL

meta-conceptual - anyone?

+! all the other 'meta-'s you wish to consider ...

Source: Reference to 'metagenomics' in -

Mancini, D.P., 'Monkeypox mutating faster than expected, study finds', FT Weekend. 25-26th June 2022.  p.6.

See also: Previous posts 'meta'

Reference [ii] "Practice in forensic psychiatry: A proposed interdisciplinary model"

Practice in forensic psychiatry:
A proposed interdisciplinary model

Expanding on the post about a further reference for Hodges' model:

Holmes, D. Perron, A. Jacob, J.D. Paradis-Gagné, É. & Gratton, S (2018). Pratique en milieu de psychiatrie légale: proposition d’un modèle interdisciplinaire. Recherche en soins infirmiers, (Practice in forensic psychiatry: A proposed interdisciplinary model). 134, 33-43. DOI: 10.3917/rsi.134.0033

Here, and on twitter I have sought to stress the limitations of the biopsychosocial model in healthcare, and I value Holmes et al. recognition of Hodges' model as politico-biopsychosocial. 

The authors also identify the structural nature of the model.

 

In comparing 'models of care' there is the question of whether Hodges' model is a model of care. As a generic conceptual framework Hodges' model can of course be used in the health care (as per its original design and creation) but it can be used to compare models of care.

Below, translated by Google are the models used in the paper.

I have altered the listing bringing the Tidal and Recovery model s together. Some I've 'mapped' in pairs, using formatting to indicate the differences.

Tidal Model

"The Tidal Model is a humanistic nursing model of recovery developed by Barker (12) with the premise that the person with mental disorder has strengths, abilities, personal priorities and a future ahead (13). This model of care, popular in forensic psychiatry circles, recognizes certain deficits of the hospitalized patient but it is especially interested in the meaning that the latter attributes to them. The sick person is the expert in his life and is therefore the one who contributes the most to his own recovery. This nursing perspective is therefore centered on the phenomenological experience (lived experience) of the patient and on the role of the staff, which is to allow healing and restore hope (12,14)."  

Recovery Model

"A popular model in mental health care, the recovery model is increasingly gaining ground in psychiatric care settings (28). The postulates of this humanistic model state that anyone, including those suffering from mental disorders, can aspire to a fulfilling future, participate in rewarding and inspiring activities, self-determination and finally, be able to live in an environment free of stigma and discrimination (29). The peculiarity of this model lies in the fact that recovery is part of a process where the person with mental illness can continue to show symptoms while being able to adapt to their condition (often chronic) and pursue their goals. life (30)."

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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Group

recovery strengths, abilities, personal priorities deficits healing and hope phenomenological - (lived experience) personal responsibility fulfillment - life goals patient as expert personal adaptation living with x,y,z... coping strategies	place as context my future deficits signs - symptoms chronicity Institutional settings clinical - hospital
humanistic - human qualities social expectations social contribution participation - social inclusion free from stigma deficits	Institutional settings politics of recovery free from discrimination forensic deficits

<>

Integrated Practice Model

"This model was developed by Virginia Lynch, a pioneer in forensic psychiatry, and it guides the role of practicing staff in this care setting (15). There are three main theoretical foundations: 1) the fields of expertise involved (nursing, criminal justice and forensic science), 2) the health system (victim and offender, health care and forensic nursing ) and 3) the social impact (social sanction, human behavior, crime and violence) (16). According to this model, patients should be cared for using an interdisciplinary and holistic approach (15)."

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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Group

nursing forensic psychiatry 2. health system interdisciplinary holistic OFFENDER	nursing theoretical foundations forensic science 1. fields of expertise 2. health system interdisciplinary holistic
VICTIM role of practitioners 2. health system 3. social impact (social sanction, human behavior, crime and violence)	criminal justice 2. health system

<>

Model of Nursing Interaction

"This model of care includes six categories of forensic nursing interaction with the goal of establishing a relationship with the patient: establishing and maintaining a relationship (relationship based on honesty, respect and trust), encouraging and support interactions (help the patient to recognize his qualities and use his resources), the learning of social skills (encourage the patient to do social activities and talk to others), reality orientation (help the patient patient to be aware of his way of being and of acting), reflective interactions (the perception of the patient and his problems) and the learning of practical skills (encouraging the patient to develop good lifestyle habits) ( 17,18)."

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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Group

patient qualities, resources reflective interaction self-perception of problems reality orientation awareness of way of being and of acting	practical skills develop lifestyle skills
reality orientation learn social skills develop lifestyle skills encourage social activities talk to others	encourage and support interactions reality orientation perception of patient and problems

<>

Healthy Living Program

"This model was developed in response to metabolic syndrome and physical illnesses that may develop in people with severe mental illness (19). It includes programs related to health promotion activities such as weight reduction, smoking cessation, physical exercise, etc. It is a voluntary approach that not only improves physical health, but also independence and recovery. For the program to work in the institution and to fit into its organizational culture, the approach must be flexible and systematically maintained by the entire interdisciplinary team."

[ PARITY OF ESTEEM ] 

mental health - metabolic syndrome physical illnesses

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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Group

independence recovery voluntary approach	(physical) health promotion activities such as weight reduction, smoking cessation, physical exercise,
independence recovery	voluntary approach for program to work in the institution and to fit into its organizational culture, the approach must be flexible and systematically maintained by the entire interdisciplinary team

<>

Holistic Model

"This model is used in forensic care in the assessment, health care and psychotherapy of patients with personality disorder (22). Holistic care includes the physical (diet and exercise), cultural, spiritual, and psychosocial needs of the patient. This model is based on problem solving, anger management and decision making. Caring is a central concept in the holistic model and is actualized in an emotional, psychosocial, constant and authentic caring response (23). It is for caregivers to be present for the patient, to respect his situation, to understand his experience and to demonstrate a desire to help."

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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Group

holistic care personality disorder [mental] health care psychotherapy assessment emotion problem solving, anger management decision making actualized psycho-	holistic care 'caring' assessment diet, exercise health care 'being present'
-social culture holistic care 'being present' constant and authentic caring understand person's experience respect person's situation desire to help	forensic care holistic care desire to help (also exemplified in the organisation?)

<>

Good Lives Model

"This model focuses on the offense committed by the mentally disordered offender, his recovery, the promotion of personal goals, the reduction of the risk of reoffending, and the treatment of mental illness (24,25, 26). The model favors an approach based on the strengths of the patient. In addition, mechanisms of change are present, that is to say that behaviors judged to be poorly adapted are replaced by adapted behaviors when the patient is equipped with the skills, resources and support provided by the nursing staff. This model contextualizes the offense, focuses on the symptoms of mental illness while conceptualizing both as inappropriate behaviors.This model helps to better understand the relationship between mental illness and crime in order to create an individualized plan of care."

Risk-Need-Responsivity Model

"This model (27) imported from the correctional environment was adapted to the psycho-legal context by the addition of the “mental illness” dimension. It was developed primarily to reduce the risk of recurrence. Care interventions are geared towards the identification and treatment of criminogenic factors. This model is based on three major principles: the risk principle (granting the highest level of resources to the group most at risk of crime), the needs principle (identifying dynamic criminogenic risk factors and targeting them in treatment) and the principle of receptivity (adjusting programs according to the characteristics of the person: learning style, motivation, strengths, etc.) (24,25)."

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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Group

mentally disordered (diagnosis) recovery characteristics of the person learning style (evidence?) motivation, strengths 3. principle of receptivity treatment: skills, resilience personal goals “mental illness” <-> crime recurrence individualized plan of care	1. risk principle -> resource allocation recurrence treatment 2. dynamic criminogenic risk factors  support of nursing staff
treatment [social determinants?] mechanisms of change adapted behaviours inappropriate behaviours recurrence	offense reoffending correctional environment contextualise the offence treatment principles [policy] recurrence

<>

Hodges' Health Career Model

"This model has a politico-biopsychosocial structure which is consistent with contemporary interdisciplinary practice (20); that is, it relies on a multidimensional critical approach, incorporating writings in sociology and politics, in order to understand the person in context. It is based on four objectives: measuring learning, providing holistic care, supporting reflective practice and closing the gap between theory and practice (21). This model is applicable in various clinical situations in a psycho-legal context. When this model is used as a frame of reference, it emphasizes the role of caregivers who must meet the patient's needs and focus on their problems. It also serves as a guide to assess and provide assistance to the patient vis-à-vis their physical, psychological and social needs as well as with the justice system in order to promote their recovery. The theoretical foundations call on four sources of knowledge: interpersonal, scientific, sociological and political (21)."

The PERSON in Context 

(situated)

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

humanistic ------------------------------------------ mechanistic

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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Group

INTRAPERSONAL INTERPERSONAL reflective practice conceptual structure psychological needs measure of learning psycho-	SCIENTIFIC physical needs theory-practice gap
SOCIOLOGICAL reflective practice (develop self-awareness) social needs practice-theory gap	POLITICAL justice system (needs) -legal

[ all embedded within the SPIRITUAL ]

Not just 'problems' Hodges' model can incorporate any desired stance, perspective or philosophical approach - strengths, disease, skills, weaknesses or deficits, psychosocial for example.

I am not sure about explicitly 'measuring learning, but the model can be used by learners and teaching staff / mentors to demonstrate their understanding and justify their output - formulation.

There is an instrumental potential in Hodges' model as a whole. Hodges' model can illustrate the degree of holistic intent - whether this is realised could also be indicated using the model.

Once again I am grateful to the authors for their inclusion of Hodges' model. The reference is listed in the blog's bibliography (please see the sidebar for others) which includes:

Doyle, M., Jones, P. (2013). Hodges’ Health Career Model and its role and potential application in forensic mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 20, 7, 631-640.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01961.x/abstract

Jones P. (2014) Using a conceptual framework to explore the dimensions of recovery and their relationship to service user choice and self-determination. International Journal of Person Centered Medicine. Vol 3, No 4, (2013) pp.305-311.

See also on W2tQ (with overlap):

https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=forensic

https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=justice

https://hodges-model.blogspot.com/search?q=interdisciplinary

"Mapping Beyond Cartography" - to Situated Cognitive Maps

"... the ‘spatial turn’ in the humanities has been partially overtaken by an ‘object turn’ in which relations between things are not primarily considered in spatial terms." pp. 53-54.

Individual
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INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

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SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

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"Tuters (2010), for example, calls for ‘post-locative practices’ that move beyond a ‘mannerist situationism’ to emphasize ‘situated’ rather than located media. This requires replacing ‘the concept of geographic location as the core concept of locativity, with the more relational notion of proximity, not only in relation to place but also in relation to matters-of-concern’ (2012: 275). This shift is advantageous in that it allows that locative media (or some successor form of it) might address relations and phenomena that are not fixed to terra firma, but it also suggests that space has become completely irrelevant, that geographic maps might, as Tuters suggests, be replaced by cognitive maps (2012: 274). p.63.

"... even in a world without the surefooted sense of grip that cartography once provided, I want to suggest that there are other ways by which to find some sense of orientation. In unfamiliar territory and without a map, the wayfarer draws on the tales of travellers who have gone before, surveys the shape of the landscape with an eye for landmarks, builds cairns where there are none, and eventually learns how to triangulate between them and make some kind of map –whether cognitive, sketched or plotted. In a situation in which the maps we increasingly inhabit subject us to a form of colonization, there seems no alternative but to ‘map or be mapped’." p.383.

"For Edward Tufte, computer-generated visualizations of data are simply the latest iteration of a brand of ‘cognitive arts’ that includes maps, alongside mathematical projects, scientific charts and diagrams, and even MRI scans (1990: 40)." P.173.

"Indeed, for Fredric Jameson, post-modernity’s ‘un-map-ability’ is its key defining characteristic: ‘this latest mutation in space—postmodern hyperspace—has finally succeeded in transcending the capacities of the individual human body to locate itself, to organize its immediate surroundings perceptually, and cognitively to map its position in a mappable external world (1991: 83). This crisis of representation in cartography calls for new kinds of maps; for Jameson, a form of ‘cognitive mapping’ that might allow the individual to locate themselves not just spatially, but economically, culturally and politically." p.82.

Daniel James Frodsham, April 2015. Mapping Beyond Cartography:The Experimental Maps of Artists Working with Locative Media. PhD thesis. University of Exeter. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/19185/FrodshamD_TPC.pdf

Metacognition: new developments and challenges - Conference / Symposium

Date
24 June 2021 - 25 June 2021
Institute
Institute of Philosophy
Type
Conference / Symposium
Venue
Woburn Suite G22/26

*The event will be hybrid in-person - online, further details will be announced soon*

* For further information and the Call for Papers click here*

Selected speakers:

Ophelia Deroy
LMU Munich
School of Advanced Study, University of London

Steve Fleming
UCL

Louise Goupil
École Normale Supérieure

John Morrison
Barnard College

Josef Perner
University of Salzburg

Joëlle Proust
Institut Jean Nicod

Alex Rosati

University of Michigan

In recent years the scope of metacognition has expanded. Metacognitive processes seem to be involved in practically all cognitive faculties: perception, action, memory, learning, decision making, and conceptual thought are some examples. It encompasses many cases where metacognition operates without the person engaging in deliberate monitoring or control. Evidence for metacognition also extends to pre-verbal infants and non-human animals. But are there fundamentally different types of metacognition involved in different cases? And how should we capture the distinction: procedural vs. analytic, experience-based vs. information-based, implicit vs. explicit, core vs. late-developing, or some other way?

To book click here

For enquires about the conference please get in touch with Eloise Rowley, eloise.rowley AT sas.ac.uk

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme grant agreement No. 681422. For further information about the ‘Metacognition of Concepts’ project, see the project’s website: http://www.nicholasshea.co.uk/ 

My source:

Philos-L "The Liverpool List" is run by the Department of Philosophy, University of Liverpool https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/philosophy/philos-l/ 
Recent posts can also be read in a Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/PhilosL/ 
Follow the list on Twitter @PhilosL. Follow the Department of Philosophy @LiverpoolPhilos